| This article will conduct case study.....Zengzhen, Hubei Province, which isput under the China's general circumstances of transformation from tradition to modernity from 1949 to 1978. By mainly focusing on the nation's reform oncountryside society and on its specific case.....Zengzhen's production managementand order construction, the article provides us with a detailed description of the political process in the rural area, and then establish the two-way relation between nation, rural area cadres and peasants as well as its mechanism of balance in a given institution.Based on plentiful of first-hand material, the author find out that the political process in the rural areas is actually one of game among nation (mainly central government), rural regime (rural cadres) and peasants which have their interest preferences and action choices respectively. During such a process, the nation, with the dominant position and the dual goals of realizing the modernization and constructing socialism, carries out reform and reconstruction to ensure that on the basis of gaining from the rural areas, the political, economic and social order can be reconstructed according to the socialism principles. While constructing the social reconstruction in the rural areas, the nation doesn't provide the rural areas with bountiful material resources except for the redistribution of power and material resources. Which only can benefit someone Therefore, on the whole, the rural areas cannot benefit from that. On the contrary, the new order regards the guarantee of its material gaining and control over the rural areas, which means that the rural areas have to say farewell to the traditional interest structure and way of action, but it can hardly find steady interest and mechanism of guarantee in the new order, thus the peasant cannot agree to this reform basically, though the new order is repeatedly propagandized. Spoken in the language institution economy, there is no doubt that this kind of reform is typically a compulsive institution transformation. Whether it can succeed or not will be decided by the intensity and continuousness of the external forces in addition to the mechanism to form towards the inductive institution transformation. As a result, the national regime will be strengthened and grass roots regime is established in rural areas. By the way of a series of political activities, especially the People's Commune, the rural society has established the national regime completely and realized the aim that the power and production resources arecombined directly, which lays the foundation for the nation's social reconstruction in the rural society.The nation's reforms towards rural areas have almost finished after the People's Commune. The radical Great Leap policy adopted by the nation, however, cause great damage in the rural areas, which make the conflict increasingly acute that has existed between peasants and the nation on interests and preference, make the peasants' feelings towards the Party and nation hurt, make the peasants devote more efforts and energy to getting rich and forming unconscious ideology of capitalism other than carrying out mass production under the arrangement of the rural cadres. The feudal superstition and traditional practices that disappeared for one time reappeared and refreshed. As a result, not only can the nation's material gaining in the rural areas hardly ensured, but also the socialism ideal it pursues is destroyed. To make things worse, the cadres, who should have played role of conducting the functions of nation and keeping the new order in rural areas, shows a tendency of betraying their nation. Rural cadres shares common traditional culture with the peasants, having more interest connection with peasants other than the nation. After the People's Commune Activity, the new order was established in the rural areas and ensued Rectification Campaign greatly destroyed their political enthusiasm. All led to their spending more efforts on...
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