On The Crisis And Reconstruction Of Administrative Guidance During The Chinese Transition And Development

Administrative Guidance is a subject that has significant theoretical value and operation significance. This paper takes Marxism as guidance. On the basis of the state-society view of Marxism, this paper analyses the administrative guidance from the perspective of state-society. Through the introduce of state-society, this paper tries to build the analysis frame of "state-society and administrative guidance". On the basis of this frame, the paper analyses and compares the administrative guidance from the perspective of time and space. The purpose is both to widen the theoretical horizon of the study on the administrative guidance and to give some useful reference to the construction of the administrative guidance system in china. The viewpoint of this paper is that administrative guidance is stemmed from the mutual action between state and society as a kind of government behavior way, and embodies a kind of the institution mechanism of state and society. In modern society, the setting and running of the administrative guidance should be on the basis of the balance between state, market and society, and aim at realizing the balance between public power and private right. It is helpful for not only the entire administrative guidance but also the political and social development in the society. The whole paper consists five chapters. ChapterⅠ:The Basic relationship between state and society State and society is a theoretical category of rich meaning. So this paper analyses it from three aspects: theoretical connotation, historical evolution and basic relation. On the level of theoretical connotation, from the angle of the relation between state and society, state is an organization, which is built as a center of focus public power, it governs, manages and serves the society, and political nature is the basic trait. Society is an organization which main body is the person, it consists matter and other relations. Economical efficiency is the basic trait. The difference between state and society is its inherent and ultimate goal. Society is the primary; state is the secondary, which derives from the society. But once state is firmly established, which shows the special law of development. State proceeds from society, society determines state. Meanwhile, society offers various kinds of resources for state, which is the foundations that state develops, and society offers a kind of legitimacy identification for state, On the contrary, society is equally due to the state, the multiple interests of society need national coordination, guide and guarantee. On the level of historical evolution, as one of the oldest thoughts in the western political theory, the relationship between state and society has two routes: society takes proceed over state and society takes precedence over society. The founder of Marxism is on the basis of criticizing legal philosophy of Hegel, proceeds from historical materialism, has drown the scientific conclusion which the society determines the state. Marxism theory which society determines state has expressed the relationship between state and society clearly and accurately. On one hand, it has expounded the social origin of state, has solved the source problem of state power. On the other hand, it indicates the principle which society restricts the state. On the level of basic relation, which has the state priority or the society priority on earth in the relation between state and society, in fact, it relates to the comparison with social force and state power, when state power is strong and social force is weak, it shows as the state has priority; when social force is strong enough, the society are preferential in the relation between state and society. And the division of public field and private field is an important aspect of understanding activity scope and limit between state and society. In fact, the essence of relationship between state and society is the relation of manager and coordinator as the state and target of management and coordination. The core of the relation between state and society is that state can't encroach on the freedom and right of personal and other social organizations, can't suffocatethe life and vigor during the process of fulfilling its social function, keeping and maintaining civil order, of the social development. In general, it is a relational question of freedom and order, in order to coordinate the relation between the two effectively, it need to take proper governments behavior. Chapter Ⅱ: Administrative Guidance—Interaction Mechanism of State and Society The biggest contribution of administrative guidance lies in facilitating the relation between state and society. So, the author tries to build mutual action relationship between state-society and the pattern of administrative guidance in this chapter firstly. Then this chapter analyses the different types of administrative guidance in the main market economy countries. The partition of administrative guidance is on the basis of the relationship among the fields in social life, such as market field, public field and state field. According to the difference of the field and its value that are the main aspect in the social life, the administrative guidance in the main market economy country can be divided into liberalism administrative guidance, nationalism administrative guidance and social democracy administrative guidance. In the liberalism pattern of administrative guidance, market field is the main field in social life. There believes in individualism, pays attention to protecting the individualism rights, regards realizing the citizen's freedom as object. In the face of administrative guidance, the public's free alternative is greater. Because the values of market economy and behavior rule of the market field flood each field of social life, the relation between citizen and state is connected through the limited exchange form, it need widely using the mechanism of interests inducement to realize the goal of government. In the nationalism pattern of administrative guidance, state field is the main field in the social life. There believes in collectivism, pays attention to safeguarding the interests of the community, regards setting up good society as object. In the face of administrative guidance, the degree of freedom that the public chooses is relatively low. In addition, the deterrent force that the government exercises power hides the back of administrative guidance, which makes it have the factual pressure. The authority and the strict grade idea thatare popular in the state field penetrate in entire social life. There weakly forms a kind of the overall exchange pattern between states and citizen. Therefore, nationalism pattern of administrative guidance utilizes the mechanism of interests inducement, meanwhile it especially emphasizes the mechanism of moral guidance, that it to say, the guidance of morality and justice. There is a relatively powerful public field in social democratic administrative guidance. Therefore there gives consideration to public interests and private interests, not only plays the role of market mechanism and personal enthusiasm, but also plays the role of social security mechanism and government coordination, pays attention to comprehensive social effect of the behavior of administrative guidance. Because the social democratic administrative guidance either objects to the individual rights which is emphasized by liberalism administrative guidance or objects to the theory of obligation priority of the nationalism administrative guidance, the public's selection of freedom in social democratic administrative guidance is to be smaller than that of liberalism administrative guidance, to be still greater than that of the nationalism administrative guidance. Because the citizen participate in the community activity, personal interests is merged and each citizen's right is protected at the same time, the rights and obligations between the citizens and between the citizen and state maintain the balance on the whole in the course of participating in, this kind of administrative guidance pattern not only pays attention to utilizing mechanism of interests inducement, but also puts emphasizes on playing the role of the mechanism of moral guidance. The different relations between state and society shape in the different administrative guidance patterns, the different patterns of administrative guidance reflect the different relations between state and society further, this is the mutual action between the state-society and the pattern of administrative guidance. On the basic theoretical analysis, this chapter takes American, Japanese and Germany as demonstration. Chapter Ⅲ:The Administrative Guidance during the Transition and Development of the Chinese Government governance pattern This chapter mainly uses the frame of the mutual action relationship between state-society and administrative guidance in order to analyses theChinese administrative guidance according to the pattern administrative guidance. The analytical frame of state and society is adopted to explain the relations among state, society and market not only has the possibility in theory but also has a significant realistic meaning. By contrast, using this frame to study Chinese problem rationally lies in the market economy system which China has already admitted and pursued, making the state narrow the range of intervening social field gradually and the society have a private field which is not relatively intervened by state power. We don't use the frame of state-society to inspect and substitute the Chinese reality with western experience, but refer to it in order to push forward the advance of society according to the national conditions of China itself. The relation pattern of state-society influences the choice of government behavior directly. In China, under the planned economy, the high isomorphism relation between state and society corresponded with the governing pattern of "totalism government", government mainly took executive command accordingly, its function space and behavior field of the executive command could be extended and expanded constantly, but administrative guidance which reflected the flexibility was used restrictedly, its growth space and function field were very small. But with the establishment and development of market economy, and the transition of the governing pattern of "totalism government", the citizen's independence is being developed constantly, the relation between state and society is being strengthened constantly, the autonomy strength of society is being developed constantly, the relation between state and society begin to change from "political economy unification"and "political society unification"to separation, thus the behavior way of government is made to be a kind of inevitable choice from executive command to administrative guidance. It is an inevitable demand for the development of socialist market economy, it is the current requirement for developing and perfecting civil society, it is an objective demand for the variety of government function and administrative pattern at the same time. On the basis of theoretical analysis, this chapter analyses the system practice of the Chinese administrative guidance in the course of transition and development.Chapter Ⅳ:The Crisis of Chinese Administrative Guidance and the unbalance of the Relation Between State and Society This chapter sums up the exhibition and subjective obstacle of the Chinese administrative guidance that are in crisis. Then this chapter analyses the fundamental reason of the Chinese administrative guidance. The system of the Chinese administrative guidance, which takes the reconstruction of the relation between state and society as the purpose faces the double predicament in reality: Comes from despising to guiding within the administrative system and comes from ignoring to guiding in society. Strong power consciousness and indifferent right idea that have in Chinese traditional culture are the subjective obstacle which administrative guidance faces. But as the realization of citizen's right, the crisis of administrative guidance lies in the unbalance of the relation between state and society. The important behavior of the unbalance of the relation between state and society is that the state lacks the authoritativeness and the society lacks the independence. So the crisis of administrative guidance is inevitable in China. Once the state loses the authority, the implementation of public power can only depend on forcing strength or the violence, it will make the administrative guidance lose the logic foundation, the independence which the society lacks not only makes economic development lack a kind of lasting motive force, and makes political power scarce restriction effectively, but also makes administrative guidance based on acknowledging society's independence lose growth space. These bring influence on legitimacy and validity of the state and government. It is a big test to the socialist system. Chapter Ⅴ: The Homeostasis of the relation between state and society and the Reconstruction of the administrative guidance This chapter mainly analyses the dynamic equilibrium of the relation between state and society firstly. Then it analyses the basic principle of perfecting the administrative guidance at present. At last, this chapter puts forward to the route choice. The state and the society are in a constantly changeable dynamic adjustment course; this kind of adjustment is not only an inevitable result of development of our times, but also one of the strength of promoting the...