The Studies On The Social Support Systems Of Political Participation Of Women During Social Transformation Era

Political participation theory of women is one of the important contents of the Marxism. From Marx, Engels to Lenin, and from Maozedong, Dengxiaoping to Jiangzemin, all these great men have talked about women's political participation. Political participation of women is an essential content of gender equity theory, and gender equity is one basic state policy of China.In the planning economy age, because the China's Communism Party and the government highly stressed on the women politics participating issue, and emphasized on the policy of gender proportion assurance,political participation of Chinese women achieved only in dozens of years just as much as the western women's in hundreds of years.However, with the reformation and opening's deepening and the society transform, the proportion of political participation of women began to decline. After 1990s', although Chinese women still raised their political participation, and the women representatives' number kept still, the proportion of women representatives was keeping dropping according to the whole world, and women politics participating proportion stopped rising. From 1978 to 1998, China's women representatives proportion shiftted around 21%. In 2002, the proportion dropped to 20.24%.In 1994, China's women representative proportion was the 12nd position in the world, in 1997 the 16th, in 2000 the 20th, in 2003 the 38th, in 2005 the 42nd. If there is no measures against it, the expertise is that the position in the world will keep dropping. So women politics participating becomes an important issue of politics, sociology and female study.Political participation of women is a core field of women development, and it once was a weak point of our female research, and until the end of 1980s', it has been paid more attention. In 1990s', affected by the domestic democratic progress and stimulated by the 4th World Women Congress, political participation of women became a hotter research subject. Since the 4th World Women Congress in 1995, government , women association , academy, media and NGO have further paid attention to the issue. Nowadays, researching the issue means a lot to carry out the basic state policy of gender equity, promote the socialist democratic politics, exploit women human resource and construct fair socialist harmony society.The dissertation will put the issue in the whole background of social transformation and globalization, under the instruction of Marxism women theory, with the social support system in politics and sociology as research model, integrate the relative research fruits in the politics, sociology and female study,and explore how the various factors in the social support system restrain political participation of women. The dissertation combines the macro research with the micro analysis, and countermeasure research with the theory analysis, studies the affection and influence of the culture factors, law and policy, media, NGO, social support network and political participation of women themselves. Among them, the social supports of the advanced gender culture, government, women association, women's ability of participating politics and special psychology quality count most.The first chapter explores the culture support system of political participation of women, and concludes that the most obvious shortcoming of the previous social support theory is the absence of the culture perspective of social support. And the Chinese are affected by traditional culture so much, people's socialization is just a process of modeled by culture. Gender culture is an important component of the traditional culture, and the feudal gender culture in China is a kind of men being greater than women. There are also backward gender culture of women being humble, foolish and cursed in western culture. The modern women power ideology is just the betrayer of the traditional gender culture. The representatives suggested a lot of scientific ideas directly or indirectly affected political participation of women. In the course of globalization, the Chinese women must be affected both by the western and orient culture. So, we must promote the good traditional culture,achieve the modernization of the traditional culture, and promote the beneficiary factors of the western culture, to construct the advanced gender culture with gender equity as core.The second chapter compares the foreign countries and China, planning economy era and market economy era,and analyies the importance of the government supporting the political participation of women. Besides the push of women power movement,the development of western women politics participating is mainly due to the emphasis of the countries'government and the relative policy intervene. In the planning economy era,the Chinese government enacted a series of laws assuring the political participation of women,to anwser the porticipation with law, and established the proportion policy to ensure women occupying some sections in the leadership and government in order to promote the development of the political participation of women.in these days of social transformation,the political participation of women still needs the Party and government's support, especially utilizing the great influence of women association.The third chapter discusses the function of NGO and women NGO in promoting democracy. The western women NGO functions greatly in promoting the political participation of women. Relatively speaking, China's women NGOs are still not so mature as a whole, the NGOs directly promoting political participation of women are few, their organization is loose, and the goal of participating politics is dim. But from the perspective of developing tendency, women NGO will function more and more, so we should strengthen the construction of women NGO.The 4th chapter considers the UN as one of the three vital forces promoting the political participation of women human power and participating power as basis. During half a century's history, the United Nation stressed on gender equity and the basic rights of women and specially emphasized on women's political status and political power on the basis of esteeming human values and dignity. The UN established a lot of documents assuring human rights, signed a lot of international agreements historically promoting women's development, opened the 4th World Women Congresses and other meetings promoting the political participation of women in order to develop the political participation of women in recent ten years. From now on, the United Nations will keep to be a great supporting force of the political participation of women.The 5th chapter describes the informal supporting system on the basis of social capital and social relations. The dissertation considers the social relation network as one of the three models of obtaining social resources. The political participation of women can get some social capital from all kinds of social relations, such as relatives and friends. The individual social support network made up with familiar and trustable men offers various social resources and social capital for political participation of women. In China with less developed market economy and democratic politics, strong relation is still an important means for women to obtain political and social capital. Relatives and friends play an important role in the individual social support network. Thus, nowadays it is still necessary to establish the social relation network for the political participation of women.The 6th chapter analyzes how women themselves construct the serf-supporting system from the perspective of the social support theory and political theory. The dissertation considers women's economic condition, education degree, role position, power drive, perseverance and will, political ability is the main components of the self-supporting system. Economy status and education degree greatly influence women's politics responsibility,politics utility sense, political attitude and political activity. In the current environment affected greatly by traditional culture, the political participation of women should possess special psychology quality. Compared with men, women should have all the necessary correct gender position, power drive, perseverance and will as well as the ability of political participation. Thus the dissertation suggests the concrete measures of establishing self-supporting system.Finally the dissertation draws five basic conclusions: as a weak group, women should need the supports of the social network of culture, government, women association, international organization, NGO, women social relation network and women themselves in a long time. Chinese women face greater traditional culture influence than the western women, and all the other supporting systems will play a role in the cultured environment.The government' policy and women association's support are hard support for women's politics participating.The United Nation and NGOs will support the political participation of women more and more; Currently the social relation network still has some support functions for the political participation of women, but with the perfection of democracy institution, the social relation network's functions will fade away, and the political ability of the political participation of women will become more important. As a whole, social transformation and globalization will quicken the democracy politics and the political participation of women.