.1954-1955 Taiwan Strait Crisis Management

The purpose of the paper is to establish a theoretical analysis frame for international crisis management , on the basis of which to analyze the management process of Taiwan Straits crisis between 1954 and 1955, then conclude the universal principles of international crisis managementChapter one studies basic concepts of crisis and crisis management,and the international crisis is the mid-condition in which more than two countries are between peace and war, and it is also the crossroad from peace to war. The crisis management is to control the situation as much as possible. The crisis management has two goals, one of which is to avoid the war, and the other is to win the crisis. The crisis management solutes the crisis peacefully and avoids the war for getting the intersections of both national interests, by seeking, promoting and expanding the bilateral common interests, and as well as restraining, counterbalancing and limiting conflict benefit. The crisis management is the art that uses forces and conciliatory methods to solute conflicts and realize the national interest..Chapter two analyzes the crisis management from the policy-making angle, and think the decision-making is the rational highutilization. The concrete decision-making process include the decision-making goals determination, the selective plans seeking, the selective plans choice. The decision-making characteristic of international crisis lies in that the main body of decision-making is the national leader; the decision-making involves the extremely huge formidable relations; the decision-making asks for fully harsh time; the decision-making has to follow up the crisis and keep developing.Chapter three analyzes the crisis management from the game theory, and get the idea that convict Prisoner's Dilemma game, Chicken game and Called Bluff game can describe the crisis management process. The game model has promulgated the essence of the crisis management is the interaction process of both sides. According to opposite party response, the game process is to keep revising the goal of himself, and reappraise both sides gains by using the means of coercion and accommodation in turn. The game under two restraints which are the capitulation and the war between both sides of crisis is one kind of bargain process in fact..Chapter four analyzes the crisis management from the psychological cognition perspective, and suggest human psychological cognition characteristic is also playing the role in the crisis management. The psychological cognition factors that influnce the crisis management mainly include the way of communication, the image and the misperception and so on.Chapter five outlines the process of Taiwan strait crisis between 1954 and 1955 ,and offer the background materials for chapter six, chapter seven and chapter eight. Chapter six analyzes the crisis managements of China and America on Taiwan Straits crisis between 1954 and 1955 from the policy-making perspective. China's goal is to declare to the world that Taiwan problem is China's internal affairs, and oppose the Taiwan problem internationalization; to prevent US and Taiwan to sign common defend treaty, to prevent US invading Taiwan for long-term; to liberate the offshore islands, and relieve the Kuomintang armed force to China's coastal areas harassment and the destructive motions. China had considered two prepares of the soft and the hard, but finally chosen the hard plan after the comprehensive appraisal. American goal is to maintain the present situation of the Taiwan Straits, with the many kinds of plans of varying extents involvement to choose. China and U.S. have both made the very big revision in the practice after designation course of actions.Chapter seven analyze the crisis managements of China and U.S. on Taiwan Straits crisis between 1954 and 1955 from the game theory, and indicate the tenable prerequist of the game between China and U.S. is some kind of balance of power and interest between two countries. In order to establish the game model, firstly we need divide the main actions of the crisis period between China and U.S. into two kind of types, one kind is coercion and the other kind is the accommodation. In the early and middle period of Taiwan Straits crisis , the crises are Prisoner's Dilemma. In the last stage of the crisis, the crisis is Chicken. China and U.S. have gradually cleared the bilateral gains assignment in the game process.Chapter eight analyzes the crisis managements of China and U.S. on Taiwan Straits crisis between 1954 and 1955 from the psychological cognition perspective. For China and U.S. do not establish direct relations, there are three ways of communication: openly stating and expressing the standpoints; transmitting the message through the practical action to opposite party; transmitting the message through the intermediate. These ways of transmissions with lower efficiency, is easy to cause the misunderstanding, and promote the crisis. China and U.S. have both formed enemy image to opposite party ,and this kind of image in crisis initial period displays more tremendous influence. Along with the crisis developing gradually, rational knowledge is in the upper hand about opposite party. China and U.S. have the misperception in the crisis. The misperception is disadvantageous to the crisis management. Luckily the misperception of China and U.S. are promptly corrected, and have not resulted the serious consequence.。...