| This dissertation involves the American factors in Sino-Soviet relations from 1949 to 1989, reflecting the development of relations among China, America and Soviet Union during the"Cold War"period.In complicated"Cold War"history, the research object that can't be avoided most is the continuous confrontation between two superpowers in the America and Soviet Union. However, the position of China in the cold war is absolutely not insignificant. She has even occupied the status of centre on some key problems. So we can't ignore the development of relations among China, America and Soviet Union if we want a further study 0n"Cold War"history.The development of relations among China, America and Soviet Union during the"Cold War"period demonstrate an outstanding characteristic, that is, the change of the relations between any two countries is influenced by factors of the third country deeply. China is in the relations between America and Soviet Union, the Soviet Union is in the Sino-America relations, and America is also in Sino-Soviet relations. So, as regards Sino-Soviet relations, except that the Sino-Soviet internal policy and operation, America is the most important external factor. Sino-Soviet alliance in 1950s, relation deterioration and military confrontation in 1960s and 1970s, and the normalization of relations at the end of the 1980s, all had contacts with America. America has very important outside influence on Sino-Soviet relations during cold war period because these three countries are big countries in the world and Soviet adjoins China. In the future, U.S.A. and Russia will be the world big country closely related to China. At the same time, there is not any book or thesis on American factors in Sino-Soviet relations from 1949 to 1989 in our country till now, relevant research still seems weak and scattered, await the system and deepen. so the research of this subject has both important strategic meaning of reality and theory.This dissertation attempt to describe American factors in the Sino-Soviet relations from 1949 to 1989 , on the basis of fully occupying relevant historical materials, the order according to time. The dissertation tries hard to combine whole analysis with concrete analysis, expect to deepen Sino-Soviet relation history study, to deepen"history of cold war"study and offer a valuable observation station .The dissertation is composed of four chapters, besides introduction and conclusion.Chapter one focuses on the theory, pursue the historical culture background American foreign policies to the China and Soviet from 1949 to 1989, expound the fact U.S.A. make foreshadowing to Sino-Soviet policy and strategy of relation in the back of being. As regards U.S.A., it implemented cold war foreign policy of anti-communism and anti-Soviet from 1949 to 1989. Among them besides attempting to become realistic consideration of the era of the world leader, the predominant reason is a political cultural tradition that U.S.A. has, such as the view thought of the mission, expand political cultural traditions such as consciousness, racism, etc. and object to the historical tradition of socialism, communism to the influence of the national foreign policy at that time.First of all, its political cultural tradition can be summarized as the following four points mainly: 1, View thought of the mission. This include U.S.A. exceptional theory, it make destiny view and thought that U.S.A. is given to doing charitable work. The idealism idea of"talent mission"doctrine faith and real world combine together general generation such as Christianity, guiding the general orientation of the American foreign policy with the unique cultural tradition. 2, Expand consciousness. The expansionism is the inevitable result of"race superior theory". Most Americans think that it is not a derogatory term to expand, it is the important means to realize"talent mission". 3, Racism. At history of U.S.A. among,it advertise it is belong to the most is dose the stupid on ethnic ancient vessel of quintessence Americans (especially British descendant) of skins white - let go grams of doctrines modest have the getting more prevailing very. All sorts of clan sense of superiority strong influence state policies of U.S.A. these, foreign they put emphasis on, bear leader and safeguard world by the responsibility of the country each especially. 4, Idealism and realism. Idealism and realism interlock, exist, until unified the two poles influence the cold war policy of U.S.A. together set against as well as. The impact on U.S.A.'s cold war policy of idealism mainly lies in, it has combined the mission view thought in U.S.A.'s political culture, make the cold war policy of U.S.A. have color of morality and justice. And realism mainly emphasizes the role in foreign policy of especially military strength of the capability, put emphasis on safeguarding the sovereignty, security and national benefit of U.S.A..Secondly, anti-communism doctrine as one ideology, become U.S.A. pursue Su anti-communism cold war trump of policy inside out 1949-1989 year. Just under anti-communism shield of doctrine, U.S.A. lofty tone launch face-off in Soviet Union and carry on 20 -year long containment and sharp to antagonize to new China. There are extremely deep economy, politics and social cultural origin in U.S.A.'s diplomatic anti-communism doctrine, have a factor of generality for whole capitalist world, there is a factor of American characteristics too.Finally, U.S.A.'s economy after World War II was finished, the fast inflation of the comprehensive strength such as being military is its foreign policy of U.S.A.'s implementation objectively, realize its expansion dream, reflect its culture characteristic has created the historical opportunity of unprecedented era. Therefore there are the following relations that pester, act as the cause and effect of each other each other related to U.S.A.'s factor and Sino-Soviet relation of 1945-1989 year of chapter three.Chapter two analyzes American factors during Sino-Soviet alliance from 1949 to 1958. American exerted the overall, direct interference to the Sino-Soviet relations during the decade, relying on its world first strong economic, political and military comprehensive strength since World War II. In this period, the American impact on Sino-Soviet relations is enormous, even can be described as " ubiquitous ", because it influenced Sino-Soviet New Testament and the friendship to Sino-Soviet " honeymoon " from initial stage after the World War II to 1950. American Sino-Soviet strategy aimed mainly on anti-communism and anti-Soviet. It attempt to split up Sino-Soviet relations actively also at the same time instead. Its strategic emphasis changed from preventing China form an alliance with Soviet Union to forcing the Sino-Soviet split with"high pressure"policy of containment. U.S.A. did not receive its strategic goal because its strategy is self-contradictory. The only result of its policy is isolating itself from socialist China and Soviet Union. China and Soviet two countries are hiding all sorts of contradictions and crises under the intimate great friendly background, it is these disharmonious factors that bury the Sino-Soviet relation and move towards splitting the seed of trouble worsened.Chapter three analyzes American factors during Sino-Soviet split from 1959 to 1978.It is in these 20 years that Sino-Soviet relations break from ideology difference to split, the relations between two countries are worsened gradually and moved towards being hostile, even close to the edge of war for a time. It has a greatest relation with American factor . This period, U.S.A. has not given up"wedge strategy"and it realized its goal finally. Ironically, regarded as the important factor of Sino-Soviet relation, U.S.A. was obtuse , its policy antagonized to China and relax Soviet most of the time. We can say, U.S.A. exerted a tremendous influence objectively in the course of Sino-Soviet split, but it has not exerted influence actively. This period, the American understanding on Sino-Soviet relations is basically accurate. It realized the split of Sino-Soviet relations. But its diplomatic strategy of Cold War mentality is too dense. Just because of the existence of American factor, there have just formed the relative sharp situation between American and Soviet Union, and hostile relations between China and U.S.A., until the final break-up of the alliance. Likewise, because of the existence of American factor, the Sino-Soviet relations is tense continuously, but has prevented the war with each other.Chapter four investigates the American factors in the process of normalization of Sino-Soviet relations from 1979 to 1989.Among them include Carter government latter stage and Sino-Soviet policy of Reagan government. American Sino-Soviet policy went to toughly during these Ten years. Similar with 30 years ago, its policy made China and Soviet turn from enemies into friends again and the two countries move towards the real maturity from then on. This chapter comb and analyze the American factors in the process of normalization of Sino-Soviet relations on the base of American foreign policy and development of Sino-Soviet relations.Chapter five Concludes the factors from respect, orbit, result, characteristic, etc. America issued"wedge strategy"Shortly before new China was established in 1949, in order to stop China going bankrupt to the Soviet Union. But its foreign policy encounters great setback because China and Soviet Union established alliance and consolidated their friendship at Korea battle field.At the beginning of 1950s, after the Korean War broke out, U.S.A. carried on the first adjustment to " wedge strategy " from " drawing " to " pigeonholing " China break away from Soviet Union . American policy of containment turned from one country of Soviet Union into two Sino-Soviet countries. Its basic policy on China turned into, isolate, blockade and surround. America carry on the second adjustment of " wedge strategy " Around the 1958, on the basis of to Sino-Soviet two country different understanding. It began to implement the limited policy of relaxing to the Soviet Union while continuing keeping to policy of containment of high pressure of China. To the sixties middle and later periods, form U.S.A. Soviet Union deal with situation of China jointly to a certain extent. U.S.A. kind "press with " strategies Sino-Soviet last on the several decades,by the end of 1978 Sino-US relations realize there aren't normalization. The irony is, two Sino-Soviet countries part company with each other because of the difference to American strategy, until the fact that military force confront each other, U.S.A. because America and Soviet Union great pattern or Sino-Soviet relation of cold war split the reality worsened, and change its policy to two Sino-Soviet countries. Opposite it still insists on antagonizing the policy of China simply. So can say, while the Sino-Soviet relation moves towards breaking from difference, U.S.A.'s factor has played an important role objectively, but the response of U.S.A. is obtuse subjectively, belong to looks contradiction with America and Soviet Union global strategy that cold war confront with each other even. From 1979 to 1989 during the decade, Su policy on China further adjustment, realization, China change and influence of factor, aggravation of cold war, etc. of America and Soviet Union, of political situation of normalization of Sino-American relations correctly of U.S.A., the relation of two Sino-Soviet countries fermented and changed direction in confronting with each other gradually, realized normalization in 1989 finally.In a word, the factor of U.S.A. in the Sino-Soviet relations had the following characteristics in 1949-1989:First, America submitted its Sino-Soviet policy to its cold war global strategy in these 40 years, regarding cold war thought as guidelines. Under bipolar structure, American policy on China is submitted to its policy to Soviet. China is just an important piece in great chess game of global strategy of its cold war's. American strategic purposes were all to weaken the strength of the socialist camp, serving for its global strategy. Though look longitudinally, Sino-Soviet policy and strategy of U.S.A. are rational gradually by the end of the 60 s, but as a whole, U.S.A. during this time policy on China Su full of strong ideology characteristic of anti-communism Su instead correctly.Second, the policy to two Sino-Soviet countries of U.S.A. is based on national benefit of U.S.A. all the time in these 40 years. The pursuit to the national benefit is a foundation of U.S.A.'s foreign policy, the Sino-Soviet policy of U.S.A. is no exception in this period.Third, American factor in Sino-Soviet relation possesses the characteristics of dynamics in this period. Influence by a great deal of international and domestic factors, policy on China Su correctly of U.S.A., and strategy Su change several times among them. Besides ideology and national consideration of benefit, U.S.A. policy on China Su and formulation Su also influence by a great deal of factors among them correctly, among them has already included the influence in international factors such as the global strategy, relation between America and Soviet Union, Sino-American relations of America, etc., too including the government organizes domestic factors such as the mechanism, bureaucracy, etc. to influence, economic factor become, influence U.S.A. especially important factor very of policy on China to Su gradually in being in the 1970s at the same time.In a word, on one hand, from 1949 to 1989 U.S.A. achieved its want, split up Sino-Soviet strategic purpose of relation, under the influence of all kinds of factors of U.S.A., the Sino-Soviet relation has been moved towards splitting and worsening gradually by the friendly alliance. Look from this angle, American factors has played an important role while the development of the Sino-Soviet relations. two Sino-Soviet countries pay much attention to American policy. On the other hand, investigating the American factors in the Sino-Soviet relations from 1949 to 1989, we can't say it is perfect, because in whole American foreign policy ideology of anti-communism Soviet was very strong, the policy on China is especially sharp and full of Ideology in 1950s and 1960s.
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