The Welfare Of Urban Poverty Relief Policy

The new poverty colony has emerged since China's embarking on the path of reform and opening-up, the rapid development of the social economy, the rapid social transformation and the expanding of the income disparity. The government has paid much attention to the urban poverty, and has made a series of institutional arrangements on the financial input, technological development, basis construction and the employment promotion, etc, to construct an anti-poverty policy system. Among these institutional arrangements, a most important one is the Urban Social Relief System. Compared to other anti-poverty policies, the Urban Social Relief System is a direct intervention to the micro-mechanism of poor families. This policy aims to effectively secure the basic living conditions of the poor families and help some families escape from poverty.This dissertation attempts to analyze the micro mechanism of the poverty emergence and the logic of the policy intervention, and comment the basic of the China Urban Social Relief System. Based on the investigation data analysis, taking equity and efficiency as the judging yardstick, according to the equilibrium of the demand of poor families and the policy supply, this dissertation evaluated the implement efficiency of the China Urban Social Relief System and made suggestions on perfecting the system.This dissertation is built up with ten chapters:The first chapter is the raise of the issue. On the basis of literature review, the author raised the issue of this dissertation. It includes the following questions: What is the micro mechanism of the emergence of poverty and the logic of the Social Relief System? What are the feature and the present level and the inner structure changes of the poor families? How and to what degree did the changes influence the effect of the Urban Social Relief System as an implement basis? Has the implement of the Urban Social Relief System satisfied the demand of the poor families? How can the Urban Social Relief System adapt to the change of the environment and perfect its policy ideology and policy aim with the social economic development? The author then introduced the investigation data and some correlative data. The second chapter is the micro mechanism of the emergence of poverty and the logic of the policy intervention. The most important reason of the emergence of poverty is the absence of the personal development capability. The absence of the personal development capability is influenced by not only the macro environment and factors but also the micro lay of individual family. The micro factors are: living conditions, education capitals, health capitals, employment opportunity and the living environment. The Urban Social Relief System is aimed to secure the already-in-poor families, so the micro mechanism of the emergence of poverty is the theoretical basis and the logical jumping-off point of the Urban Social Relief System. There exists inner logical relation between the poverty emergence mechanism and the sorted Social Relief System. The optimization of the implement of the policy aim lies in the confirmation of the conflict of the factors and the contribution on the control of the vicious circle of poverty. Because of the commutative influence of the factors, the efficiency of the policy lies on the policy design and the policy implement. It is necessary to investigate on the interaction interface of the demand, the supply and the policy intervention to achieve the efficiency of the policy. It lies on one hand the analysis of the emergence mechanism of poverty and the income analysis of the demand feature, on the other hand the accordance between the policy aim and the demand and the implement extent.The third chapter is the feature of the poor population and the basis of the policy intervention. The author analyzed in the following aspects: the demographic feature of the poor family, the comparison of the living conditions of the poor families and the non-poor families, the escape from poverty and the return into poverty. The reason of getting into poverty is the absence of personal development capability. The risk of poverty shows a socialized tendency. The Urban Social Relief System has become the primary institution to secure total society against the living risk. The disparity exists between poor families and the non-poor families on the labor force capital, employment capability, income level, income structure, consumption level, consumption structure, debt, habitation, health status, etc. The poor families have feature of fragility that they will face risk of return into poverty even they can escape poverty in short period. The policy intervention must focus on the creation of more employment opportunity and the equity and availability of the medical service.The fourth chapter is the satisfaction degree of the basic living of poor families and the living aid. This chapter studied the feature of the basic living conditions of the poor families and the supply of the Urban Social Relief System. The result of the study shows that after the implement of the minimus-income security system, the basic living of the poor family is satisfied. The biggest challenge to the system is how to help the poor families to effectively develop their capability. Meanwhile, the poor families face the medical and educational risk also, and the factors influence each other, so the single minimus-income security system is not able to resolve all the risks except the basic living. A synthetical social aid system must be established in order to achieve the maximization of the policy utility.The fifth chapter is the obtainability and the equity of the education of poor families and the educational aid. The author analyzed the feature of the education conditions of the poor families and the supply of the education aid system. The study shows that the absence of educational capital is an important factor to leading into poverty. The implement of education aid system improve the obtainability and the equity of the poor families, but they will face a high-input-low-output poverty trap, too. The present education aid system may face a dilemma: from aspect of the limit education aim, it is reasonable to improve the obtainability and the equity of education, but from the aspect of breaking poverty trap, obtaining high education capital and high income, the effect is very limited. It is necessary to expand the poverty education aid system.The sixth chapter is the improvement of the poor families' habitation environment and the housing aid. This chapter studied the feature of the poor families' habitation environment and the supply of the low-rent house system. It shows that the habitation conditions of the poor families is very bad, but not to all poor families. The poor families that have difficulty in the habitation conditions in fact are the most poor families. Their difficulty to escape poverty is much higher. The implement of the low-rent house system helped the poor families much, but the policy's effect was weakened because of the dual restrict of the housing market supply and the policy supply. It can help improve the policy effect to establish a new complex supply mode which aims to the relative poor families.The seventh chapter is the employment opportunity and its influence factors and the employment promoting. This chapter studied the poor families' employment status and its influence factors. The results show that because of the absence of personal development capability, the poor families' employment opportunity and income is much lower than the non-poor families. It is important to offer the poor more employment training and improve their skills, but the single skill training can not achieve the aim of employment promoting because of the interaction of the factors that cause poverty. It is necessary to establish a synthetic aid policy system in order to maximize the policy effect of employment promoting.The eighth chapter is the equity, availability of the medical service to poor families and the medic aid. This chapter studied the health status and its influence factors of the poor families and the supply of the medic aid system. The result shows that the poor families' health status is much worse than the non-poor families. After the basic living demand was satisfied, the medical service has become a very important factor which influences the vicious circle of poverty. The severe obstacle in the availability of the medical service to poor families not only influences the poor people's health status but also influences improvement on other aspects. The influence of health to employment and the getting into poverty or returning into poverty because of illness, has become the most severe conflict. The medic aid system has helped to alleviate the poor people's illness burden and improved the utilization degree of the medical service. But, the poverty medic aid system must focus more on the improvement of the equity, availability of the medical service to poor families, because of the feature of the poor families medical service demand and the capability of the public finance.The ninth chapter is the perfecting of the Urban Social Relief System. This chapter takes medic aid as the example. The author analyzed the primary modes of present medic aid system and argued that the policy ideology must change from alleviate the medical burden of the poor families to improve the equity, availability of the medical service to poor families, from "severe illness aid" to basic security to medical rights of the poor people, from the financial equilibrium to the maximization of the social utility. A synthetical medic aid mode must be established that is "low level, abroad coverage and abroad proceed" and consists of both basic medical service and severe illness service. The author designed a medic aid system which is based on the Community Health Service.The tenth chapter is the structure perfecting of the Urban-Rural Social Relief System in the urbanization course. It has become a severe problem that in the urbanization course, some peasants lost their ground and turned to the urban poor. On the other side, the obvious disparity between urban and rural social relief system exists, it damaged the social equity and had disadvantage influence to the whole Social Relief System. The author designed a ladder path to combine the urban and rural Social Relief System which consists of constructing the beneficiary coverage ladder, constructing the subsidy criterion ladder and the security content ladder.