Research On Services Output Accounting

Measurement of service output is an important issue in SNA (System of National Accounts), however, it still needs some improvement. Accordingly, in 2008, the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSTAT), the World Bank (WB), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), European Economic Community Commission has proposed some amendments of SNA(1993), including measurement of non-market services output (such as education service output and general government services output), financial and insurance services output, and, underground services, illegal services, informal service activities output. Besides, some theories and methods of service output accounting also need to be improved within practical work and system of national accounts (2002) in China. Actually, most of the research on national accounts in China are still limited in SNA (1993) itself and lack of reference to the latest international research. On that account, this paper has a research on several issues about service output accounting by both theoretical and empirical means.To begin with, make a specialized report on theories and methods of service output accounting from research materials.Firstly, make a systematic review on domestic and foreign literature. Secondly, focuse on a systematic study on the basic scope and methods of service output accounting and its main problems that exist in accounting. Thirdly, apply practical data to an empirical analysis. Finally, make a specialized report on theories and methods of service output accounting from research materials.What's more, present a set of systems of theories and methods of service output accounting within dedicated sampling schemes.There are lots of difficult issues when accounting service output such as:hard to quantify the number of services, lack of a clear unit of measurement, no market price for non-market services, how to reflect the diversity of its quality, how to measure its output value. On this account, this paper elaborates the difficult issues and presents a set of systems of theories and methods of service output accounting, that is, be oriented by output-income approach, combine with input-expenditure approach, measure market and non-market services total output from the output perspective, and thus measure the value added of its services.When it comes to non-observed service, due to its underground, illegal, small-scale nature, it's hard to account. This paper shows a sampling scheme, that is, apply multi-stage sampling which means that the unit-taken will not be put back at each stage and the size of probability sampling is proportional to the size of sampling unit(Ï€ps sampling), and random-answering technical to collect non-observed service output data.Last but not least, study on another five issues existed in service output accounting and put forward some new ideas and methods to be innovative.With regard to accounting financial intermediation services output, this paper, on the one hand, explains that how to calculate rate of financial intermediation services fee with deposit rates and loan rates, how to allocate a difference of deposit and loan interest rate according to the proportion of bank's deposit and loan operations expenses (or work), how to calculate rates of deposit and loan intermediation services fee of bank. Moreover, obtain the reference rate to calculate the output of financial intermediation services. On the other hand, it discusses some methods of accounting entry and allocation of financial intermediation services output and applies a new method to calculate the output of financial intermediation services in Guangdong from 2005 to 2009.This paper does a theoretical and methodological research with respect to how to adjust the claims in either direct or indirect way when accounting non-life insurance services output, that is, on the basis of data of Guangdong from 2000 to 2009, calculate the adjusted claims by respective means of exponential smoothing method, moving average model, ARIMA model and regression model, furthermore, do a comparative analysis.After taking into consideration that it's difficult in data collection when accounting non-observed service, this paper designs a sampling scheme. It also makes a theoretical discussion whether the informal service should be included in output-accounting boundary for its features and activities. If included, moreover, how to measure it. In addition, it draws a comparison of output measurement between illegal service and underground service which is that it measures the output of illegal service and underground service from 1978 to 2009 respectively by means of cash-ratio, balance- discrepancy and freight-transported. It, furthermore, expounds how to collect the output data of illegal service and underground service with random-answering technical.This paper has a discussion on measurement to non-market output of educational service, especially on that of public higher education service and quality-adjusting formula of it. Correspondingly, it measures the output of higher education service from an output point of view based on the number of students, teaching hours, flat fees paid on hours etc. and adjusts quality of that with coefficient of class size, teachers' professional title, class teaching level, teachers' scientific research ability, school resources endowment, legal tax rate etc. In the end, it exemplifies the measurement with data of a university in Guangdong.Concerning limitations of input-substituting routine in other non-market output accounting like general government service, this paper discusses their features, accounting scope and basic problems. In particular, it explores in theory how to measure general government service output by means of growth-rate-adjusting and output indicators from an output point of view and makes a new research and elaboration of it. Furthermore, it introduces a method of adjusting the measurement by input-substituting routine with expenditure per capita volume index, GDP per capita volume index and an intensity index of the two just mentioned. At last, it tries to measure general government service output in accordance with tax revenue and proposes some new ideas and methods.