Study On Identifying The General Influencing Factors Of The Industrial Cluster Formation

The industrial cluster theory has centuries-old history after the Marshall's industrial district theory, a lot of aspects of this phenomenon had been studied by the scholars, such as industrial cluster's basic characteristics, to identify the industrial cluster, the promotion of industrial cluster to local economic development, and so on, the industrial cluster theory is more and more complete. The existence is just a point of the evolution process, if we want to get a clear understanding to the existence, we must be aware of the evolution process, there are many concept-models to explain the evolution process of industrial cluster, such as "Industrial Air", "External Economic", "Flexibility and Specialization", "Innovation Environment". The transportation cost is a core variable of the industrial location theory, the transportation cost affect the firm's the location decision, along with the world economic integration accelerated and the transportation and communications global connectivity initially to form, the non-economic barriers that hamper the economical operation are weaken, but the industrial clusters don't drop of, they still control much economics energy like the tenacious site in the glossy space, the explanatory ability of transportation cost to the formation of industrial cluster is weaken. We should rethink what's the general influencing factors of the industrial cluster, whether this kinds of factors are existed, whether or not every industrial cluster has own special story, if we can identify the general influencing factors of the industrial cluster come into being, the successful probability of the local government' industrial cluster promotion policies will be greatly increased, so this theme has practical significance.The core theme of this paper is to discovery the general influencing factor of the formation of industrial cluster. If we want to study the economic theory, the economic realities are the best source of information, if there are plenty of panel data, statistical empirical study is a feasible solution, however in the world, the cluster statistics is not yet unfold, there are not qualifications required to do statistics test. Industrial cluster is a macro feature of the industrial evolution, most of the industrial evolution theory try to find the microeconomic foundation of industrial cluster, in order to explain the rationale of existence of industrial cluster, such as "increasing returns to scale", "flexibility and specialization", "innovation advantage", and so on, the advantages look as if "visible hand" take the enterprises together, in essence, this kind of theory are still the advantage's study. The development of complexity system theory open a new door to explain the existence of industrial cluster, the complexity system theory introduce the bottom to up ideology, the macro characters of the systems come from the micro-agent behaviors. The paper led by complex adaptive system theory, construct the industrial cluster artificial life simulation system, hoping to provide a feasible solution to this problem.In order to discovery this problem, paper are divided into the following sections:Chapter one is the general, provided an introduction to the background of study, review the development and limitations of the industrial cluster evolution theory based on the development of the system theory, point out the problems required to solve, elicit the core problem, path, method of this paper, and discuss the study implications, contribution and shortcoming.Chapter two believe that the industrial cluster is a kind of space distribution non-equilibrium structure, this structure is the emergence from the process of the economic agents adapt the environment. There isn't special prescriptive about the industry that can shape cluster. Study on the orientation industrial cluster is the key to the industrial cluster evolution theory. In addition, this chapter introduce the major schools of complexity system theory, the origin of emergency and complexity, the main features and research method of the complex adaptive system (CAS).Chapter three demonstrate that the industrial cluster is a complex adaptive system, although there are some scholars who study the industrial cluster evolution from the CAS, whether the industrial cluster is a system, is it satisfied with the conditions of the CAS? The related studies didn't give a reasonable excuse. At first, the paper expound and prove that the industrial cluster is s system from diversity, coherence and whole based on the l.v.betalanffy and Qian Xuesen's definition about system; and then proof the industrial cluster system is a CAS from non-linearity, flows, aggregation, openness, far-from equilibrium and self-organization. To lay a theory foundation for the discovery of the general influencing factors of industrial cluster based on the CASchapter four summarize the factors influencing the industrial cluster evolution that mentioned by the major schools of industrial cluster theory, such as Spatial Economic, Externality theory, International Trade theory, Industry Conjunction theory and so on, generalize sixteen factors, such as labor cost, related and supporting industries, government policy. The paper divided the factors into two kinds, the first are the firm actions, such as the firm innovation, price decision, rightsizing etc, the second are environment actions, this kind of factors can divide into two aspects,the first are the exogenous locational factors, the more the numbers of firm locate in this area, the scarcer of this kind of sources, the second are the endogenous locational factors, this kind of factors develop with the growth of the cluster-industry, such as the related and supporting industries, government policy etc, all the endogenous locational factors have the same effect to the firm belong to the cluster-industry. In addition, this chapter analyze the evolution process of the industrial cluster based on the Bio-economics, to provide a theory foundation for the agent action rules.The fifth chapter is the industrial cluster evolution concept model. The core conclusion of the Complex adaptive system is "the adaptability create the complexity", the adaptability focused on the agent's learning action, The presupposition of construct the industrial cluster evolution artificial life model is intercalating the principal rules of agent's action. The main content of this chapter is design the related main building of the action rules. In this part, we introduce the microstrucrure of agent at first, and then compartmentalize the agents of this paper as two parts, the environment agents and the industrial cluster agents. The industrial clusters agent focus on the firm, the environment agent include social culture, the entrepreneurial spirit, the related and supporting industry, local government, the labor market, and the nature.Entrepreneurial spirit influenced the probability of creating the local newly firm, the entrepreneurial spirit include the basic entrepreneurial spirit and the increment. The development of the related supporting industry, the availability of human capital and the demonstration effect of entrepreneurial spirit have combined effects to the increment part. The firm size, the development of the related and supporting industry, the availability of human capital and the Entrepreneurial spirit of the local residences have combined effects to the firm spin-off probability. The availability of human capital will increase following the increment of the optimistic wishful of the local residences, the increment speed will be slowly when the availability of human capital will close to the maximum. The entrepreneurship wishful of the local residences will increase by the newly increased firms, and the optimistic wishful of the local residences will be increased by the number of labors.The growth speed and the scale of the related & supporting industry will be increased by the scale of the cluster-industry, there is a scale critical to the cluster-industry, if the industry scopes exceed the critical, local government will adopt the industry support policy. Labor market analysis focuses on the local attractiveness, and the main consideration of decision-making for the labor who will obtain employment are the wage levels and information. We suppose that the consumer demand was diversity and suffice constant elasticity utility function form, the more the product diversification, the bigger, the budget of consumer.The main firm behavior will consider here are the production process and product innovations, scale adjustment, price decision and the market exit. The knowledge of product innovations comes from the knowledge spillovers, cooperation and R&D investment; the new firms will be manufacture according the beginning scope, the scale of incumbent firms is adjusted according to the latest sales volume; The firm's price decision are affected by the expected profit and the price of other firm's, the firm's cost include the cost of production, internal organization cost and the external transaction cost. The cost of production-will be affected by the scale of production, the technology of production process, the labor costs, the intermediate input prices and the cost of scarce resource used. The price of intermediate input will be affected by the development of related and supporting industry, the cost of scarce resource used will be affected by the amount of local firms. The internal organization costs will be affected by the scale of firms, the external transaction costs will be affected by the development of related and supporting industry and the efficiency of government support.The sixth chapter will be construction and simulation analysis the industry cluster evolution artificial life model. In this chapter the paper will introduce the basic character of simulation platform NETLOGO. The paper set the action sequence of the agent behaviors, and built on the evolution simulation system of industrial clusters that based on simulation process in the rational design. The industry cluster location is not the specific focus of attention because the main topic is to identify what's the general influencing factors of the formation of industrial clusters, So this paper will be measured the extent of the non-equilibrium space distribution by space structure entropy of the numbers of firms and labors.We can find the result of the simulation from industry cluster evolution artificial life model, the non-equilibrium space distribution is normal in the process of industrial development and it is the natural result of industrial development. The construction of theoretical model of industrial clusters should be come from the development process of the industry, and shouldn't come from the comparison between different industries. The phenomenon of industrial clusters is really not steady state in the process of industrial evolution, the state of industrial spatial distribution is alternately between centralization and decentralization. There is not only one reason for non-equilibrium space distribution of industry, so we should change the policy following the local conditions before established the industry cluster policies.There are 32 exogenous variables in this paper which it's value within a certain range, we can divide those variables into four categories based on the simulation results. In the first category this article should not support that they influence the industry spatial distribution. In the second categories the direction of industry spatial distribution non-equilibrium level is not fixed to the value changes of variable. In the third categories following the value of variable increases gradually, the non-equilibrium level of industry spatial distribution will be wear off. In the fourth categories following the value of variable increases gradually, the non-equilibrium level of industry spatial distribution will be increase. From the analysis of variable in the fourth category, we can find that the higher probability of firm's spin-off will result in the higher non-equilibrium level of industry spatial distribution. The greater availability of initial labor capital will result in the higher symmetry breaking level of industry spatial distribution which under the conditions of non-equilibrium distribution of industrial space. If the development of the related and supporting industry is more difficult, the non-equilibrium level of industrial space distribution will be more. If the related and supporting industry affect the intermediate input bigger, the non-equilibrium level of industrial space distribution will be more. The one reason of industrial cluster's formation is the diversification of consumer demand; the higher salary payment of labor will result in the higher non-equilibrium level of industry spatial distribution. Labor-intensive will result in the higher non-equilibrium level of industry spatial distribution. The generally increase of the price of intermediate inputs will result in the non-equilibrium distribution of industrial space.