| The paper first generalizes the significance of this research project to Less developed countries after defining the scope and characteristics of Less developed countries, and reviews the literature in this field thoroughly, including those by Chinese and foreign researchers. There are basically 3 schools of economics that serve as the foundation for the paper. Fist is the development economics, within which the less developed countries are the subjects of the researches, aiming to find the general laws from the economic growth. Secondly, the neo-institutional economics study the optimum institutional arrangements in order to lower the transaction charges, and better the resource allocation. Thirdly, the traditional mainstreams of economics with Adam Smith, Marshall, Keynes and Samuelson, etc. as the leaders. Fourthly, the modern fiscal theories come from the new development in the field of finance and fiscal policies. As such, the fist chapter focuses on the theories and the ideas that act as a foundation with the theories from development economics, Neo - institutional economics and modern fiscal theorems, and also with the help of normative and positive study, comparative study and theory of system, then comes to the conclusion of the theoretic and practical significance of this paper.The second chapter discusses the fiscal policies and the economic growth. It includes the contents as follows: 1. The chapter firstly introduces the general definitions of finance and fiscal policies. What finance does is to gather some part of the social resources in the name of nations by way of the income and expenditure to undertake economic activities such as implementation of government functions and fulfillment of the social public and economy since it concerns with the governments, aiming at assurance the operations of the governments upon the legislations. The fiscal policies are those basic rules and measures that direct the fiscal allocation activities and fiscal distribution relationships in order to reach certain goals. 2. The basic functions and goals of the fiscal policies. These include functions like direction, coordination, control and stabilizers. The goals of the fiscal policies are economic stabilities, economic growth and fare distributions. 3. The economic growththeories. The paper mainly discusses the theories concerning economic growth and development with the views from development economists and new - classic economists. The formers realize that the capital accumulations and technology advancement play roles in the economic growth of less developed countries, the neo~ classic economics think that the technology advancement definitely affects the pace of economic growth in a nation. When it comes to the determination of economic growth pace, the real effects in the economic development must be considered thoroughly. 4. The effects that fiscal policies on the economic growth, the chapter discusses the effects of the fiscal policies to the social aggregate demands, including the composition of the social aggregate demands, the fiscal functions that affect the aggregate demands, the fiscal multipliers and the equilibrium national income. Besides, the effects of the fiscal policies to the aggregate supply has been analyzed, including promotions of fiscal policies o labor supply and raising the education level of labors, fiscal measures to form the capital, to raise the scientific and technological levels, and so on.The third chapter tells a story of the fiscal policies in the less developed countries. It can be divided into 2 parts. 1. The fiscal expenditure policies of the Less developed countries are brought forward from six perspectives of public savings, salary and wage, purchase of gods and services, interest payments, subsidiaries, andintra — governmental transfer payment. 2. The tax policies in less developed countries, since lack in mature money markets, less developed countries often need to use fiscal measures to gather rents and tax. That means, the goal of tax in Less developed countries is to control the resources, to fill the national treasury, to finance the public expenditures, to stimulate and to promote personal enterprises by the tax licenses, and the similar fiscal policies. At the same time, the fundamental conditions of the tax in less developed countries, such as the tax level and the structures are brought out. The chapter also discusses the main tax and the concerning policies in Less developed countries, followed by the references to tax reforms against all the challenges facing the Less developed countries, then suggestions are given out.The fourth chapter makes a brief introduction of the fiscal policies in some less developed countries. 1. The fiscal measure in Russia, with the characteristic of the fiscal policies after the economic transition. 2. The fiscal policies in South Korea,with the introduction of fiscal system, expenditure polices, investment and financing policies. 3. The fiscal policies in India. With the fiscal income and expenditure policies, fiscal deficits policies and the public debts policies. These also lay a foundation for the following contents in the latter chapters.The fifth chapter undergoes a comparative study on the policies on 4 phases: the periods from the founding of P. R. China to before the adoption of opening up policy, the period form the time when the opening up was adopted to that before taxation distribution system was adopted in 1994, from 1994 to 1998, and after 1998. Comprehensive analyses are also made to the backgrounds, enforcements and influences of pro-active fiscal policies in China in recent years. In detail: 1. the fiscal policies adopted from the foundation of P. R. China to the enforcements of opening up policies. The goal of it is to stabilize and develop the economy, promote and strengthen the dominant role of state-owned economy. 2. The fiscal policies from the enactment of opening up policies to 1994. The goal was to simulate the rational arrangements of the national economy and to finish the reform on fiscal system. 3. The fiscal policies from 1994 to 1998. It was mainly the divisions of economic rights, income and expenditures between center and local governments and so on. 4. The pro-active fiscal policies from 1998. I states that the realistic background of positive financial policy and China faces deflation and the money policy can not be achieved. At the same time I also states the theory basis of positive financial policy and the international experience. The theory basis includes: hanson' s drawing water policy and the compensation policy of Samuelson' s new classical group. The experience includes : the correct judgment of economic statement, the combing of financial policy and money policy, the role changing of the financial policy at the possible time. Besides these, I analyses the development process of the positive policy: in 1998 it was adopted first; in 1999 it was strengthened; in 2000 it was continued kept; in 2001 it was kept the stability; from 2002 to 2004 it was changed to public financial policy. Then I analyse the effect of Chinese positive policy, which includes: improving the national economy; enlarging the employment; adjusting the structure; strengthening the process of market. At last I analyse the relevant problems of Chinese positive financial policy. For example: the sqeezing effect; the space of decreasing taxes; the debt risks etc.The sixth chapter carried on comparative analysis to the financial policies of developing countries. Divided into three following respects: (1) the compare of financial policy to promote economic growth. Compared the investment policy between Korea government and Brazilian government, draw following enlighten: The state finance of developing countries ought to undertake the important task of the investment subject, should pay attention to taking indirect tax as the centre tax system about investment source, take deposit money contributed as the main source of investment, take domestic money as the main fact, utilize the foreign capitals actively. Should pay attention to the coordination of long - term interests and short -term interests about the flowing of invest. In the management of investment, the government should strengthen the system and construction governed by law, set up the system of macro adjustments and controls relying mainly on economic lever and legal means, avoid meddling in business administration executively directly. (2) Financial policy comparative analysis against the unemployment. Point out the main financial economic policy that developing countries solve the problem of unemployment is: The government grants a loan of low interest, encourage running the small enterprise, develop the labor - intensive industry; Adopt many kinds of policies means and encourage unemployed people to search for jobs individually; Pay attention to dealing with the relation of reemploying and flowing with the rural laborer in the city; Make use of foreign capitals and development foreign trade to promote the settlement of the employment problem. (3) The financial policy comparative analysis of regulation income distribution. Enlightened from analyzing as follows: Make one policy for coordinate price relation in order, can offer the accurate signal and prompting on the price guaranteed or the system stipulate to producer and resource supplier; Must make one policy to impel property, right, rate of increase chance and distribution of employment opportunity take place structural policy of transition finally; Make one or one set of normal income distribution policies.Chapter seven analyzed to the financial policy orientation of China. Have analyzed the current situation of the financial policy of our country at first, point out the current situation characteristic is: Income urgent expenditure loose, central urgent locality loose, budgetary urgent but extra - budgetary loose, system urgent but system loose, structure urgent but total amount loose. Then probed into theorientation of the financial policy of our country, point out: It is a necessary economic situation to implement the appropriate dilation financial policy; our country has ability space which implements the positive financial policy. Have put forward several principles, they are the appropriate financial policy for the constructing of dilation financial policy: Put into directly and put into indirectly regarding as equally important, expanded recently and strengthened stamina regard as equally important, issue indirectly and issue directly developing simultaneously, financial debt and special debt are developed simultaneously; probed into the financial economic policy coordination question of our country on the basis of the above content. Propose financial policy must cooperate to coordinate with monetary policy, financial policy and the utilization of foreign capital must cooperates to coordinate, the financial policy must cooperated with the structural adjustment policy to coordinate; Some enlightenment must appear finally: (1) Under the market economy condition, the expenditure has trend increasing constantly, at different stages for economic development, the structure of the expenditure is different to some extent too. (2) Some countries use some special measures in the financial policy once alleviated and weakened some contradictions to a certain extent. (3) Must pay attention to adjusting the structure of the expenditure, try to improve the financial state. (4) On financial balance policy, it is very essential to change the idea. (5) The one-sided one denies and affirms Keynes' theories are all improper.
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