Philosophy Of The Basic Theory Of The Market Order

Market order is not only an important realistic problem but also a hot theoretical issue for the development of Chinese economy and society today. However, the studies of market order of Chinese theoretical circles are in a dispersed state, which means they are deficient of grasping market order from a general philosophical perspective. In view of that, this paper reviews and analyses the basic theories of market order by applying the basic principles and methods of Marxist Philosophy, and then studies how to shape Chinese socialist market order from the whole, in order to provide a theoretical resource for the scientific development of Chinese economy and society and the construction of Chinese socialist harmonious society.This paper includes the preface and the body. The preface mainly discusses why to study market order, what market order is, how to study market order, and what the significance is the study of market order. It presents that, from the perspective of philosophy, market order is the rationalization, institutionalization, and modernization of market economy, and is an orderly active state of the market subjects under rules and in pursuit of value. It holds that: the basic theories of market order can be divided into Sacred Mechanical Paradigm Market Order Theory, Knowledge Evolution Paradigm Market Order Theory, and Social Development Paradigm Market Order Theory; we should adhere to Marxism and comprehensively utilize current research results in the philosophical review of market order; such a study of market order will benefit the scientific development of Chinese economy and society and the construction of Chinese socialist harmonious society.The body has five chapters. The first chapter briefly reviews the theoretical sources of western thoughts of order which include thoughts of order in early ancient Greece, middle ancient Greece, late ancient Greece, and west medieval times. It focuses on the study of the evolution of thoughts of order in west ancient times from the perspective of philosophy and possibly their influence on the thoughts of market order thereafter. It holds that, the thoughts of order of early ancient Greece mainly manifests on natural philosophy of that time and hence is a kind of thought of natural order. Such thought of natural order evolved into the thought of social order after the critique by Socrates. In the thoughts of order in middle ancient Greece, the thought of social order mainly manifests on the thoughts of artificial order represented by Plato's thought of justice order and Aristotle's thought of happiness order. After that, such thoughts of social order disappeared and changed into pessimistic Epicurus'and Stoic thoughts of order. Finally, by the transition of Cicero, the thoughts of artificial order evolved into the thoughts of holy power order in the medieval timesThe second chapter reviews Sacred Mechanical Paradigm Market Order Theory represented by Adam Smith, that is, the thought of market order of modern capitalist society. It holds that, such paradigm thought of market order originated from Renaissance, proceeded with the Reformation and the British Bourgeois Revolution, and was formed by Adam Smith. Then, after the unremitting efforts of other classic economists and the"Marginal Revolution", until Neo- Classical Economics,represented by Alfred Marshall,, put forward"homo oeconomicus"("Economic Human")hypothesis, such paradigm thought of market order was finalized. The reason for that this paper holds that the thought of modern market order is Sacred Mechanical Paradigm Market Order Theory represented by Adam Smith is that such thought has both theological color and the features of Newtonian mechanics. The core of such thought is laissez-faire, and it's another kind of thought of nature order.The third chapter reviews Knowledge Evolution Paradigm Market Order Theory represented by Hayek, that is, the contemporary capitalist market order theory. It holds that, with the coming of 20th century, Sacred Mechanical Paradigm Market Order Theory faced a grim crisis both because of its failure in practice and the critique and attack by Marxism and the theories of market failures.The theories of market failures can be divided into two kinds: one in a broad sense, the other in a narrow sense. The former includes such theories as those of Institution School and Keynesianism, and the latter includes such theories as Externality Theory and the Theory of Imperfect Competition. Knowledge Evolution Paradigm Market Order Theory represented by Hayek is the result of rescuing such crisis. Hayek argued mainly the core doctrine of Sacred Mechanical Paradigm Market Order Theory from the perspective of knowledge and evolution. His theory of market order is basically the thought of spontaneous order which, beside of insisting on the core doctrine of laissez-faire, accepted and adopted some ideas of the theories of market failures, highlighted the importance of institutions for market order, and proposed some institutional arrangements and assumptions to develop and perfect market economy and shape market order. It's because the core categories"knowledge"and"evolution"of Hayek's theory of market order are also the kernel of other contemporary theories of market order that we so call contemporary theories of market order as Knowledge Evolution Paradigm Market Order Theory represented by Hayek.The forth chapter reviews Social Development Paradigm Market Order Theory represented by Marx. It holds that capitalist market economy is one of the fields that Marx focused on, and Marx deeply studied capitalist market economy and market order from a unique perspective. The growing point of Marx's theory of market economy is to criticize the eternity and absoluteness of capitalist market economy. Therefore, form the stand of Marx, market economy is a historical form of human development and highly developed commodity economy, and market order is just a kind of natural historical order. Marx's theory of market order is human-oriented social development paradigm market order theory because it regards the development of market economy as a natural historical process and an inevitable historical link for human's free and all-round development. It's also on the basis of such a perspective that Marx deeply criticized modern capitalist market economy, based on which and from the stand of human's future development, Marx denied that capitalist economic and political system are of absolute rationality and value, and put forward an systematic conception to reshape order and implement planned economy by proletarian revolution under the conditions that productivity is highly developed and human history has developed into world history. Marx's such conception was inherited and developed by Lenin and Stalin, and finally resulted into the highly-centralized order model of Soviet Planning Economy.The fifth chapter reviews Chinese socialist market economy and analyzes specifically how to shape Chinese socialist market order from the whole by applying the preceding analysis. It holds that Chinese socialist market economy system is the outcome of completely breaking through soviet model of planning economy system. In theory, that breakthrough manifests on two points: the theory that regards market economy and planned economy as a means broke through the theory that they are antagonistic; productivity theory broke through the theory of the"intensification"of class struggle. It's those breakthroughs that formed the foundation and distinctive features of Deng Xiaoping'Theory, fundamentally rationalized Chinese socialist market economy, and established premises for the shaping of Chinese market order. However, in order to make Chinese market economy be in good order, we should also stick to a rational path, establish and perfect all kinds of economic, political, legal, and spiritual institutions fit for the modern development of Chinese market economy, make all market subjects consciously abide by relevant rules and regulations when doing their business, and make the development of market economy be beneficial for promoting social fairness and justice, for social stability and harmony, for the improvement of people's living standard, and for human's free and all-round development.