Investigation Of PPCPs In Civil Water CycleSystem And Study On Optimization Of Wastewater Treatment On PPCPs

Pharmaceuticals, personal care products (PPCPs), and natural estrogens have beenreported in wastewater treatment plant effluents at concentrations ranging from high ngL-1for estrogens to low g L-1for ibuprofen and other pharmaceuticals. The potentialadverse effects of these compounds on aquatic life, particularly fish, have beendocumented, with lifetime exposure to estrogen levels as low as5ng L-1causingreproductive failure of zebra fish. Many receiving water bodies are also drinking watersources for municipalities downstream, and there is recent concern regarding thepresence and health implications of trace organic constituents, which are not removedby traditional water treatment plants. To prevent the release of PPCPs in raw sewageinto the environment, and ultimately drinking water supplies, wastewater treatmentmust remove these compounds. Although secondary, biological treatment of wastewateris not necessarily designed to remove these micro-and nano-level pollutants, severalresearchers have noted that long sludge residence times (SRTs) enhance removal oftrace organics.The purpose of this study was, the results would show the source andenvirommental fate of PPCPs in drinking water system in Missouri State, and also helpus to determine which compound have potential environmental crisis, then optimize thetraditional active sludge in order to control the source. On the whole, in this study wefocused on:①The methods for determination of selected PPCPs in the environment. Asensitive analytical method was developed and validated for quantitative analysis of16pharmaceutical compounds in in two different water matrices. Compounds in the waterwere enriched through solid phase extraction (SPE)with an Oasis HLB cartridge. Theextracted compounds were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry with multiple reactions monitoring(MRM). Good recoveries rates and limits of quantification (LOQ) of target PPCPscompounds in reagent water and tap water were obtained.②The results of the occurrence study indicated that the levels of selectedcompounds in different types of water resources across Missouri were below80ng/Lfor all of the pharmaceuticals, except caffeine, which had the highest concentration,while levels of other compounds were very low. Most of the compounds were usually below method detection limits. The levels of the studied pharmaceutical compoundswere also water source dependent. Studied pharmaceutical compound concentrationswere higher in surface water than those in well water. Occurrence data also showed thatthe levels of the most pharmaceutical compounds in summer water samples were lowerthan those found in the winter water samples. The treatment processes in water facilitiesacross Missouri were found to be effective for removing most pharmaceuticalcompounds.③To determine the impact of increasing SRT on the removal of nine differenttrace pharmaceuticals, and second, to discern the relative impact of active metabolismand biosorption on removal rates. The nine compounds chosen for study represent arange of pharmaceuticals found in Missouri drinking water system: analgesics or painrelievers (acetaminophen), stimulants (caffeine), lipid-regulators (clofibric acid), andantibiotics (lincomycin, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, sulfamerazine, sulfadiazine,and sulfadimethoxine). Four bench-scale sequencing batch reactors were operated atSRTs of2to20d, and this biomass was used to seed a series of batch experiments thatevaluated removal due to biodegradation and biosorption. In order to distinguishremoval due to biodegradation, biosorption, or volatilization in these batch experiments,three treatments were investigated in triplicate for each organic:1) active biomass;2)inactive biomass; and3) control (no biomass). To further study the impact of populationstructure on removal.According to results, we know that acetaminophen and caffeine can be removedwell; lincomycin, trimethoprim and clofibric acid can hardly to be removed and alsohave no potential to be removed, and need to investigate other effective treatment;sulfonamides can be removed most using active sludge system, and rise the SRT isgood technical adjustment to improve the ability of removal rates.④In experiments, three treatments (active biomass, inhibited biomass, andcontrols of no biomass) were performed to discuss the dynamics change of removal forsulfamethoxazole (SMXL,100ug/L) in48h, and taking sample at0,0.25,0.5,1,2,4,8,16,36,48h. The result shows that there are3steps: rapidly phase, normal phase andbiodegradation phase, and the removal in4reactors is84.1%，62.7%，65.6%，56.84%respectively. The biodegradation is first order reaction. the removal in4reactors is19.1±7.1%，41.7±6.8%，46.6±5.3%，55.0±11.5%when runs reactors60d adding5ug/LSMXL, the increase of SRT improve on the removal of SMXL, The biomass in allreactors have increased, and there haven’t the impact on the removal of COD, TN, NO3-N, the concentration of NO2-N decreased, PO4-P increased.. Higher biomassconcentrations established by longer SRTs were more significant for biodegradationthan species diversity, which did not vary with SRT.