| Rural land system reform in the late1970s and early1980s opened the curtain of ruralsocial transformation. In the transitional society, agricultural production shift from theintensive form to extensive form. Farmers made an independent market player, and they, asrational people, extensively applied the agrochemicals, such as fertilizers, pesticides, plasticin the agricultural production process in order to seek the maximize economic benefits. Thoseagricultural practices are causing serious agricultural nonpoint source pollution. Agriculturalnonpoint source pollution can cause soil compaction, water eutrophication, thus affecting thequality and safety of agricultural products, and threat to human health, destruct biodiversityand ecosystem balance. The sources of agricultural nonpoint source pollution in China weredispersive, and easily influenced by natural factors, they were inclusive, dispersion, randomand difficult to monitor, it is difficult to achieve the desired effect by a single control andmanagement means. It is priority and important theoretical and practical significance to builda comprehensive agricultural nonpoint source pollution control mechanism system to controlagricultural nonpoint source pollution by using many kind of synthetical measures, such aslegal, administrative management, economic incentive, technology introduction, and publicparticipation.In this paper, we analyzed the general logic of the social transformation of agriculturalnonpoint source pollution. Based on the analysis of affecting factors of fertilizer and pesticideusage behavior, the relationship between the behavior of farmer and the agricultural nonpointsource pollution were explored from a microscopic point of view. At present, manydifficulties were still presented in China’s agricultural nonpoint source pollution control, andwe should learn from the experience of pollution control in agricultural non-point sourcepollution of other countries, and construct a comprehensive agricultural nonpoint sourcepollution control system. On the portrait view, legal and administrative management measuresshould be taken by the “non-gap” management theory. On the transverse view, economicincentive, technology introductive and deposit-refund measures should be taken by usingwhole process management theory. Furthermore, public participation system should beimplied to supervise the portrait and transverse management practices, and to effectively control agricultural non-point source pollution. The conclusions of this research are asfollows:(1) Agricultural nonpoint source pollution is the result of the rational choice of farmersunder the rural social transformation. In the transitional society, agricultural production shiftfrom the intensive form to extensive form. Farmers made an independent market player, andthey, as rational people, extensively applied the agrochemicals, such as fertilizers, pesticides,plastic in the agricultural production process in order to seek the maximize economic benefits.Those agricultural practices caused serious agricultural nonpoint source pollution. Therefore,agricultural nonpoint source pollution is the inevitable result of the rational choice of farmersunder the rural social transformation.(2) Personal characteristics of farmers, agricultural production characteristics,environmental awareness and market conditions are affecting farmers farming practicesbehaviors such as fertilizer, pesticide usage. Family education, cultivation history and cropprices will promote the application of fertilizer, pesticide. Inversely, agricultural technologytraining and the "order" agricultural participation will reduce the application of fertilizer andpesticide. Participation of farmer cooperatives, as well as understanding of environmentallaws and regulations have no significantly affects on the application of fertilizer and pesticide.(3) Establish a flexible control and prevent system to manage the pollution behaviors offarms. Non-point agricultural pollution was produced in the agricultural practices of farmers,and for this kind of agricultural practices, legal and administrative measures should be took.For the common agricultural rational behaviors, which is not violate moral and legal, thenon-compulsive measures such as economic incentive, technology introduction anddeposit-refund system should be introduced. On the portrait view, the legal and administrativemanagement measures should be taken by the “non-gap” management theory to suture the“gap” present in the legal and administrative management measures. As the legal perspective,law system establishment should be enhanced on the agricultural nonpoint source pollutionmanagement. Agricultural environment legal execute system should be strengthened and legalrelieve system on agricultural nonpoint source pollution should be perfected. At theadministrative perspective, agri-environmental administrative management system should beestablished, and rights distribution system should be perfected, as well as the right harmonizeadministrative executive system should be strengthened. On the transverse view, wholeprocess management theory will be introduces, and economic incentive system should beestablished before the agricultural chemical were implied by environmental taxes andallowances to incentive the less usage of agricultural chemicals. The deposit-refund system,means deposit when purchasing the agricultural plastic and refund when recycle waste are returned by farmers, will reduce environmental pollution caused by plastic.Pro-environmental agricultural technologies can induce the agricultural chemicals behaviorseffectively. The agricultural technologies, such as soil testing and fertilizer technology,pollution-free pesticide and biodegradable plastic, will control effectively agriculturalnonpoint source pollution caused by chemical fertilizers, pesticides and plastic. Thedifficulties encountered when promote these technologies were the lower acceptance degreeby farmers, un-sufficient investment by the government and the social, lack of incentives, andsmall-scale operations and low degree of organization predicament of the farmers. Thegovernment should effectively strengthen the promotion of those pro-environmentagricultural technologies and induce farmer’s chemical application behaviors by improvingagricultural extension model, the incentives and mechanisms, establishing fundingmechanisms, enhance the degree of organization of farmers. Public participation in the wholeprocess can improve the efficiency of agricultural nonpoint source pollution control andmanagement. Public participation is an important measure to overcome the "market failure"and "government failure" in agricultural nonpoint source pollution control and management.The main problems faced by the measure of public participation in China are the lower levelof public participation, present of "end participation" mostly and the lack of participantorganizations. In the near future, the government should built the legal mechanisms for publicparticipation, establish environmental information disclosure mechanism and informed publicmechanism, establish public environmental willingness expression mechanism, build pathsand ways of public participation, develope environmental NGO, improve farmers’organizations mechanisms to involved in pollution control. By those measures, the wholeprocess of public participation will be ensured on agricultural nonpoint source pollutioncontrol and management. |
PDF Full Text Request