A Study On The Advancement Of Hybrid Rice Technology In China(1964～2010)

The research and application on hybrid rice in China,as one Hi-tech achievement of modern agriculture, has been continuously leading world already in the recent50years. The achievements are generalized which has had widespreadly and profoundly influenced not only China, but also the world.It makes great contributions to solving the problems of food security in the world.This technology will always be stamped by the times from its birth. Although the research of hybrid rice is relatively late in China, it was actually born in the extremely hard environment. It was inseparable from the formidable impetus of technical requirement in China. Looking over thousands of years’ history of human civilization, Chinese have not been able to get rid of threat of hunger thoroughly. The big famine, erupted in the1950s, has deprived tens of thousands of people of their life in China once again. Food security is very important for social stability and flourish of our nation.Under such background, the hybrid rice technology was invented,breeding paddy rice and increasing the production of grain. To rationalize the development of hybrid rice, the article reviews the paddy rice crossbreeding research in the1950s in China. The research of that time has prepared thoughts and methods for the hybrid rice technology. Under the cooperations of our national scientific researchers, Yuan Longping, as a representative of the researchers, has realized three-line hybrid rice finally. The researchers of China have made the scientific breakthrough, obtaining one technical innovation after another and having solved key technical problems of the three-line, the selection and breeding of hybrid rice. Producing hybrid rice under extensive conditions, it has made huge economic and social benefits.When three-line hybrid rice studies was booming, Yuan Longping began to head the hybrid rice researchers to study two-line hybrid rice the discovery of the male sterility phenomenon controlled by warm photosensitive and the breeding of the male sterile line realised the scientific hypothesis of the two-line hybrid rice. The research project of two-line hybrid rice of the863Plan, from the start to the success of the project, took ten years nearly.It similarly was result of the cooperation by the numerous researchers.Two-line hybrid rice breeding method is from complex to simplification. The cost of breeding is reduced greatly. The goal of breeding transforms from high yield to the high yield and high quality and the resistant varieties goals. Two-line breeding is obviously superior to three-line breeding. At the same time, the technology and culture of rice of China are promoted. The presentation of Chinese super rice breeding plan is not only the requirements of the hybrid rice technology,but also the needs of Chinese society. It integrated the the super rice breeding’s method, the conventional breeding, three-line, two-line biological technology method and modern high-tech. The breeding idea transformed from "high yield, high quality and resistant varieties" to "green". This program lasted for15years, and each breeding goal was realized as scheduled. its outstanding achievements of Chinese super rice breeding will make bigger contributions to solving Chinese food shortage in this century. From the three-line hybrid rice to the two-line hybrid rice and the super rice, the research in China takes the lead and advances successively. It has been keeping nearly fifty years in the lead at the area of hybrid rice breeding in the world.From the establishment of rice heterosis theory to the utilization of the rice heterosis, the discipline of hybrid rice has been built up. The paradigm of hybrid rice technology is the soul of the discipline. Undoubtedly,"the idea of Yuan Longping" is the theoretical basis of the paradigm of hybrid rice technology. The scientific method is the basic content of it. The paradigm is formed from the practices of research when it is exchanging interaction between the external information and the system of research, through the researchers of scientific system to absorb, exchange, create and spread gradually.In the system of hybrid rice research, there are the common theory, the method, the standard of value, the research goal, own organizations, agencies, the academic authority and so on. The same with others, the evolution of knowledge of hybrid rice discipline similarly experienced the four stages of dim awareness, understanding consciously, overall sure and composite development. The hybrid rice discipline has developped near half century in China. According as its theory skeleton, academic troop, knowledge information, academic material and so on,the discipline has already entered the stage of composite development. The troop of hybrid rice research is the core of hybrid rice discipline. The troop of research has already been one team which is charateristic of multi-level, multi-domains, inheritedly and reasonable structure. Its research institution has various agencies in full strength from national to local, from special to comprehensive. The studies of ybrid rice are able to achieve far more.In the aspect of inspiring, the abundant accomplishment which the hybrid rice researchers obtains receives the full affirmation and the praise from sociaty. this scientific research team have been given the biggest attention in respects of social status, initiate a project and technical reward.The research and popularize of hybrid rice of China have been inthe first place in the world, but the industrialization of hybrid rice is relatively backward. It is closely related with the Chinese environment of economic society. The reason why the earlier extension can be proceeded in a short time is that it is mainly favored by the administrative measures.The policy of grain of national macro-control has immediate influence on the planting area of hybrid rice; In the early1980s, the extension of hybrid rice and the technological innovation were synchronized. The hybrid rice technology and the promoted system have been improved and developped unceasingly in the process of extension of hybrid rice. At this time, the extension was remarkable, the case of hybrid rice was expanding by leaps and bounds, and peasants increase both production and incomes by planting hybrid rice. The market mechanism was introduced in with the extension of hybrid rice in the1990s. From then on, the direction of hybrid rice industrialization was on the turn, the planting area of hybrid rice is50per cent of the total area of rice planting and was tending towards stability. The extension model of super rice is tending toward perfection.It will propel greatly the industrialization of hybrid rice to an entirely new stage by the effects of the Macro-Control and market mechanism.On the whole, the extension stage of hybrid rice passed through the stage of mandatory plan development, the stage of innovation of scientific and technical management framework and the stage of entirety Market-oriented industrialization model. In the industrial process, there are the main problems including the dissociation of the science institute and the enterprise, the chaotic market and disorderly competition, the blockade of seed regions and so on.To solve these problems, we must not only get down to making use of the market mechanism to accelerate the syncretization of the science institute and the enterprise, get through the links of industrialization, strengthen market management, control the seed market access standards for quality, perfect the macro-control system, improve equilibrium of supply and demand, but also fully develop own abundant technical advantages to integrate the internationalization track in face of entering the WTO. It will further accelerate the industrial development.Since the agreement of technology transfer with the American Ring-Seed Company in the in1980, the hybrid rice walked out of the country for the first time.Eight countries are popularizing planting nowadays. more than forty countries introduced and spread Chinese hybrid rice and the extension area already surpassed3,000,000hectares. As the birthplace of hybrid rice, China has trained a large number of professionals of hybrid rice for many countries and organised five international technical hybrid rice conferences.Asia is not only the main area of rice production in the world, but also the main extension region of China hybrid rice.It has already reached a considerable scale of hybrid rice extension in Asia at present. Chinese hybrid rice had been planted in a large area in India, Vietnam, Philippines, Bangladesh, Pakistan and so on. Africa’s natural conditions is adaptable to the growth of rice, but its rice technique is backward and need to import rice in bulk every year. In recent years, China plants experimentally in Guinea, Mali, Zambia, Sierra Leone, Madagascar, Libya, Nigeria and so on and increase yield significantly. These governments of countries have shown an intense interest in hybrid rice, so the extension prospect is very good. The FAO highly cared for and strongly supported the extension of Chinese hybrid rice is in the global. It is not only favorable to global food security, but also to the improvement of the relationship between China and other countries as well as the friendship between the Chinese people and people of the world.Although fallen behind the developed countries in modern science and technology for several decades, China has led the world with the hybrid rice technology for near half a century, and will continue to lead the world.The invention of hybrid rice was a milestone in the history of chinese modern science and techniques. It was not born in China by chance, as not only the invention but also the extension of technology are inseparable from China’s specific political, economic, cultural and other social factors together. Hence it is not difficult to conclude that:the development of Chinese technology must be based on national conditions, choose technologies which is adapted to our own national conditions to achieve maximum results.Meanwhile, the social conditions for technological development should be optimized and perfected unceasingly, only in this way can China invent more home-grown technologies like hybrid rice technology, only in this way can we Can we set up a set of Technogical system of cordinated development ofboth society and technology, achieving the revitalization of science and technology in China.As the leader of hybrid rice research team, Yuan Longping has a world-wide reputation for his success. His working style has led his team to throw themselves into the hybrid rice research and of course make a big success in the enterprise of hybrid rice. Yuan Longping’s scientific style has become the theme of scientific spirit of the present era.The formation of his science style is directly caused not only by his "taste"of his profound insight to hybrid rice and his personality,but also by the creation of the research practice of hybrid rice. Yuan Longping’s scientific style consists of his super innovative consciousness, the scientific methods and the quality of innovation in his whole science practice. Yuan Longping’s achievements in scientific research benefit the whole world, and his scientific style will affect the scientists from generation to generation. His academic contribution mainly includes:the establishment of the heterosis theory of rice; the the construction of the three-line theory and the technology standards; the setting up the strategic vision from three-line to two-line; proposal of the whole set of theory and the technical route on two-line and innovating a series of technologies of the production of core seed; as well as founding the theory of super hybrid rice breeding. It is impossible for us to calculate the economical profits that Yuan Longping made for the society. the social value he has made is invaluable. We can just use limited existing data to analyse the basic questions.