Exposure And Health Risk Assessment Of Typical Environmental Endocrine Disruptors In Human

Environmental endocrine disruptors(EEDs) can produce adverse effects on the organism, and/or change the endocrine functions of offspring of organism. Phthalate esters(PAEs), benzonphenone(BP)-type ultraviolet(UV) filters and bisphenol A(BPA), which are widely used in many kinds of products, are three major EEDs in environment. These EEDs can enter into human through ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact pathways and bring adverse effects to human health.In order to analyze the exposure levels of PAEs, BP-type UV filters and BPA, 109 urine samples were collected from general Chinese young adultsin most of the mainland provinces and municipalities of China. At the same time, 60 urine samples were collected from occupational exposure workers of PAEs, BP-type UV filters and BPA in Harbin to analyze the pollution characteristic of these three kinds of chemicals in occupational exposure workers and determine the potential sources. In addition, exposure doses of PAEs, BP-type UV filters and BPA in Chinese young adults and occupational exposure workers in Harbin were calculated. Single exposure risk and cumulative exposure risk of PAEs, BP-type UV filters and BPA in Chinese young adults and occupational exposure workers in Harbin were evaluated. Furthermore, based on the cumulative risk assessment theory, a reliability evaluation method for cumulative risk assessment of PAEs and BPA in human was established.Cumulative risk assessments of BPA and PAEs in Chinese young adults and occupational exposureworkers in Harbinwere evaluated.Total concentrations of phthalate metabolites, BP-type UV filters and BPA in Chinese young adults were 71.3-2670 ng/m L, 0.18-67.1 ng/m L and 0.19-23.9 ng/m L, respectively. m MP, m BP, mi BP and DEHP were the dominated phthalate metabolites. BP-3, BP-1 and 4-HBP were major BP-type UV filters in urine samples with Chinese young adults. The sources of phthalate metabolites, BP-type UV filters and BPA with Chinese young adults were complicated. The results of source apportionment indicated that dietary intake was the major source for DEHP metabolites and BP-8, dietary intake and halation were the sources for m CPP, m BP and mi BP, gas phase air was the major source for m MP, 4-HBP, BP-2 and BPA, and personal care product was the major source for m EP.Total concentrations of phthalate metabolites, BP-type UV filters and BPA in occupational exposureworkerswere all higher than those in general population in Harbin. In addition, the composition profile with occupational exposureworkers was different from those with general population. The results of correlation analysis among PAEs metabolites, BPs and BPA indicated that building materials, paints and hair care products were the important sources for DMP, hair care products were the important sources for DEP, building materials, floor materials, textiles and hair care products were the important sources for DBP and DIBP, floor materials, paints and textiles were the important sources for DEHP. Building materials, paints and textiles were the important sources for BP-2,building materials, paints, electronic products and floor materials were the important sources for BPA.The results of exposure doses of PAEs, BP-type UV filters and BPA in Chinese young adults indicated that PAEs were the dominated EEDs in Chinese young adults, which accounted for more than 99% of the total exposure dose. For single PAE, the exposure levels with Chinese young adults were exceeded the reference daily intake doses suggested by European Food Safety Authorities(EFSA). Cumulative risk assessment of PAEs and BPA in Chinese young adults suggested an existence of disease risk. More than 39.8% of Chinese young adults had HI values exceeding the threshold(HI>1) for PAEs and BPA. Reliability of cumulative risk of three types of PAEs(DBP, DIBP, DEHP) and BPA exposure in the human body were assessed. Based on the cumulative risk theory, the probability density fitting of DBP, DIBP and DEHP was carried out. The limit state equation of cumulative exposure risk of PAEs and BPA in human body was established. Reliability index and failure probability were 0.41 and 34.02%, respectively. There is a high risk of disease of cumulative exposure to PAEs and BPA in Chinese young adults.It is the first time for the comprehensive study on the exposure to PAEs, BPs and BPA in human urine samples on national scale in China. The results can be considered as representative for Chinese population. For human exposure assessment, the monitoring program with human tissues was the most important method, which can provide data support and theoretical basis for the health risk evaluation and control policy on exposure. Furthermore, the reliability evaluation method based on cumulative risk assessment theory was established to evaluate the reliability of cumulative risk of severalcontaminates. It can provide reliable basis for cumulative disease risk leading by PAEs and BPA in human.