| The Qing Dynasty is an important historical period of the formation of Chinese multi-ethnic unified, Southeast Guizhou Miao from Yongzheng "Gai Tu GUI Liu" after officially classified as "King" of "territory". From the open before the "Rajah is subordination" social status into after the opening of establish the system of prefectures and counties sent the flow of official governance, Miao from the history of the indirect rule transition to the era of direct rule. Compared with a few years of opening Miao territory, for long-term treatment in 100 years in miaojiang of political, economic, cultural, social is main problems facing in the Qing Dynasty. Previous research of Miao has a lot of, but it mainly focuses in economic development, political rule, or is the construction of the law and civilization interaction, and so on, vertical without the Qing generation Miao nationality region’s political, economic and social development as a comprehensive summary, horizontal only to a problem described not fully revealing the Miao "return flow" later, its political, economic, cultural, social development in the Qing Dynasty and governance policies between the important association. Miao nationality region management in Qing Dynasty is a continuous adjustments and changes, the dynamic process of the development, reflects the court of ethnic governance policy is becoming mature trajectory. Based on Miao Qing Dynasty opened the era background, Yongzheng and Qianlong and salty and two miaomin uprising and the Qing government governance policy, central government policy adjustment and miaojiang community development of interaction, "due to customs and governance and strengthen control of contradiction and unity are described. The through analysis before the mid Qing Dynasty and later treatment of Miao nationality region of different measures are compared, so as to reveal the Qing Dynasty in managing the Miao important transformation process, pointed out an important reform of the Miao governance in the late Qing Dynasty which ended the history of Miao unrest. Research of Qing Miao governance process and characteristics can not only summarize the pros and cons of ethnic areas of governance policy of Qing Dynasty, of minority areas administrative today have important reference meaning.On the Syrian part puts forward the important topic as well as the previous summary of literatures of the Guizhou Miao, Miao governance research has made important achievements and the existing problems are pointed out, and related important concepts will be explained.Chapter 1 overview of bureaucratization of previous Miao society system overview, Miao since ancient times have their traditional constraint, such as drum news agency system to adjust the Miao people clan relationship, "old" system to maintain an important pillar of the Miao village, "Yi Lang" regional organization Miao adjustment. The Ming Dynasty in Qiandongnan and a brief overview of political society. This chapter is the opening chapters to pave the way in this paper, and a prelude to writing.The second chapter discusses Yongzheng to southwest of the Gai Tu GUI flow important historical background and purpose, and under the bureaucratization of the situation of homeopathy development the historical process of the Miao. This paper discusses the southwest Tusi system to the development of the Qing Dynasty, and the growing conflict of the unified political thought, Qing Dynasty in order to strengthen the direct control of strategic importance to the southwest transportation, economic and trade and defense adjustment, in ertai suggested were famous in the history of the "chieftain". "Open" Qiandongnan "was included in the bureaucratization of an important part of the. Open transport barriers, the "seedlings" pulled into king one within, the development of the frontier of economic and trade is Yongzheng opening Miao territory is an important objective. Yongzheng by force opening Miao territory after, too late to study Miao traditional social status, the Miao people directly levy taxes, resulting in miaomin uprising broke out in later years Yongzheng. Qianlong took office with Zhang Guangsi for manager Miao minister quickly suppressed Miao and Miao in the Qianlong period of the robust governance has laid a solid foundation.The third chapter discusses the overall governance and effectiveness in political, economic, social and cultural order during the period of Qian Long Yong Zheng. Political governance, Yongzheng opening Miao territory after, first in the administrative region established "Xinjiang six hall", the military in miaojiang encampment set flood. During the period of the reign of Emperor Qianlong in miaojiang implement Mita system, Yongzheng and Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty in view of the Miao society dispersion and inherent in the traditional social customs mechanism and take the more flexible measures, established the Tusi system in the toast of the Miao. During the period of the reign of Emperor Qianlong miaojiang community governance is mainly increased in Miao primary adjustment, the seedlings "" Shumiao "divide and conquer is adopted, the establishment of Miao village headman system at the grassroots level, signs belonging to toast, toast and belongs to the flow of official, through toast in charge of the Miao village in a mountainous area, take the flow from the official and the ruling miaojiang community. In the Miao legal culture and customs of the construction of governance, Qianlong in view of the Miao people inherent in the common law tradition, the provisions of "Miao cases of arbitration shall be applicable to the internal disputes of the Miao people. The construction of culture and education, Yongzheng period began in Miao regions to build schools, as a guide of the Miao people of a government policy to implement. But after 16 years of Qianlong considering the Miao people universal literacy would endanger the Qing rule, the abolition of the Miao regions of Shexue, Yi schools was gradually fading. Economic governance construction in view of the Miao people in long-term traditional tax, the first year of Qianlong ordered "never impose Miao Fu", so as to improve the development of Miao nationality region economy; Miao traffic construction vigorously developing in Qianlong period, Miao and dredge waterways, paving construction of Miao Yi, Miao trade and immigration in the Miao nationality region development, so that the governance of Miao in varying degrees towards the mainland process. Although Qianlong in Miao governance can moderate took the policy of "rule by Morals", and has made certain achievements, but its governance actually is still a passive defense policy, such as restrictions on the immigrant Miao, provisions of the Han, Miao can not contact, cancel the Miao people accept culture teaching education, Miao land continue to fall into the hands of and difficult to adjust and, thus planting the Jia Dao period serious social contradictions.The fourth chapter discusses the social contradictions in Jiaqing Daoguang period have become increasingly prominent. First is the "guest people" continuous influx of Miao, the continued loss of Miao people land, officer, civil usury the Miao people increasingly bankruptcy, and V the deep-seated contradictions. Followed by Miao Tun politics growing waste Chi, Tun troops continue to squeeze the living space of the Miao people and Miao army headquarters procurement system to the Jiaqing and Daoguang, protracted and disadvantages, procurement system evolved into the exploitation of the Miao people of maladministration. After the Opium War, in the implementation of tax in the PCT and the aggravation of corvee also make life more Miao people fell into poverty. Add in Miao toast through things constant bullying exploited Miao people, officials in political and military also to the Miao people formed tremendous pressure. Ethnic culture, from the Qianlong period of continued immigration Miao "customer", after Daoguang status of Han and Miao "subject object" relationship occurred important change, the Miao and the Han culture difference has increasingly become the focus of ethnic tensions. Plus the later Qing Miao population is growing, but the land is highly concentrated to a few part of the bureaucracy and toast and "guest people" in the hands, so that the Miao society contradictory imminent.In the fifth chapter, the fourth chapter based on the narrative contradiction briefly describes the process and results of the same reason, the unrest in xian. Tongzhi Dynasty, Miao people unrest is pacified after, officials and the public after the baptism of the war, the drawbacks of governance in the Miao nationality region were deep introspection, thus put forward the new reform measures in Miao society the maladministration. Salty with after unrest, Miao social class also occurred in the important change, local gentry forces have continued to rise, for the reconstruction of modernization in the late Qing Dynasty Guizhou Miao governance laid the foundation of lower.The sixth chapter is the emphasis of this paper, discusses the reconstruction after riots in salty with modern governance. This chapter mainly points out that after nearly 20 years of salty with after unrest, local government and the government of Qing Dynasty governance in the Miao nationality region has been the embodiment of the ideas of political reform, mainly manifested in the following aspects:the construction of political governance:one is the gradual abolition of the "Miao Jiang six Hall of toast, and reduce the burden on the grassroots Miao Miao people; second is Miao army began to open to the Miao people, the Miao people have for the first time into the window of the upper system, breaks through the former" barriers Hanzhi seedlings "constructed" to seed treated seedlings "pragmatic political system of governance. "Specification on the basis of the reconstruction of economic governance, in both the class interests of the Miao nationality region economy and tax system, and resolutely abolished Miao Customary fees, directly to the Miao people levy a fixed tax, thus avoiding the Miao people for a long time the Lou GUI exploited; second is Guangxu Dynasty court who who reclaimed offield who accept Fu" reclamation Na Fu offield of the Miao nationality region land ownership placed directly in the people, Miao individual families, and promote the Miao chaos after the economy recovered quickly; the third is the reform of the Miao Mita system, the Mita gradually reverted to the flow of official management, at the same time the abolition of stationed Miao Jiang military procurement system, the Miao people’s survival pressure has been a certain degree of liberation. The construction of governance culture at the end of the Qing Dynasty, the vigorous development of education in miaojiang, widespread construction of schools, Miao people from now on can go to school to learn Chinese culture, Miao culture education entered the modern reconstruction; second, local officials in the political practice has been realized that the importance of traditional ethnic minority areas "by custom and rule," the political thought in relative respect for the customs of the Miao people is the basis of the implementation of the "localization", avoid the tension in the relationship between Miao and Han. In the construction of grass-roots social governance ":one is through admitted by the government so as to enhance the regional Miao Customary Law on behalf of the orthodox authority of the state, and the stone inscription widely published in local villages, to local officials, and soil functions of Miao people, not only for the Miao people’s traditional habits, also make the country the smooth expansion in deep legal base; two is in decline after local officials, local gentry rising situation, the court established in at the beginning of the Baojia system, the flow in the original official toast-Miao village headman-Miao people’s social governance structure, governance structure transition to the flow of official-Paul-A-Miao the people, so that the country and the mainland in the further deepening of the process, laid the foundation for the reconstruction of modernization in order; three is the face of Miao villages scattered, authorized by local officials "Village autonomy", in reducing the cost and achieve effective governance in order to build the grassroots.Conclusion based on the discussion of the preceding chapters, which summarize the development rules and characteristics of the Qing Dynasty in Governance:one is from the perspective of state governance, governance mode from the Miao ethnic nationalism regionalism governance to governance gradually transition; two is from the perspective of government governance, governance in governance gradually from one yuan to multi governance transformation; the three is from the perspective of governance subject, governance in directly from the central government to the central government, local government and the local community governance from four to coexist; governance nature, from the prevention and control of Miao Miao people, to focus on prevention and governance in the livelihood of the coexistence of five is up; from the point of view of governance object, from before the opening up policy frontier governance into the mainland governance mode. In the process of reconstruction so close to the modernization of governance... |
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