The Historical Connotation Logic: Research Of The Dialectic Of Das Kapital

For a long time, the dialectic of Das Kapital was regarded as a pure method owing to departing from its real foundation and contents, namely "realistic humans and the development of their history". As a result, either the critical nature of the dialectic was suffocated, or Das Kapital was made a radical interpretation. The dialectic of Das Kapital was not only in an unclear, but also the real theoretical nature and scientific connotation of Das Kapital was also covered. This situation causes me to study the dialectic of Das Kapital.The fundamental cause of misconception lies in the fact that the nature of dialectic is forgotten which is based on the contents. Therefore, in this paper, I use the concept of "connotation logic" to explain the dialectic, use the concept of "thought connotation logic" to explain Hegel’s dialectic, and use the concept of "historical connotation logic" to explain the dialectic of Das Kapital. In this sense, the concept is not mysterious. It is important to make we consciously know the nature of dialectic and the dialectic of Das Kapital by the concept. It provides me a theoretical basis to research of the dialectic of Das Kapital.The theoretical origin of the dialectic of Das Kapital can be traced back to transcendental logic. As a powerful attempt of the connotation logic, the transcendental logic is a theoretical achievement that Kant consciously critique of formal logic. Kant, who realized the contradiction between content of thinking and form of thinking, has built transcendental logic to guide logic toward Epistemology by summarizing ego’s perceptual form(epistemic content) and perceptual category(epistemic form) through transcendental apperception. Fichte inferred category in the way of logic through pure ego’s action. Schelling endeavored to overcome the subjectivity of Kant and Fichte’s logic by the promise of subjective and objective absolute identity. The construction and promotion of transcendental logic has delivered theoretical resources directly for Hegel’s dialectic. Consequently, it is the origin theory of the dialectic of Das Kapital. The importance of this trackback is that the dialectic of Das Kapital is construed as the connotation logic at the start.In the viewpoints of Hegel, the real way of philosophical thinking is that thinking reflects on itself as the object. Hegel, who criticized the abstract identity of formal logic, brought forth concrete identity and transformed perceptual category into ego’s rational concept in a thorough way in the hope of proposing the dialectic about the conceptual self-denial as connotation logic. In essence, Hegel’s dialectic has characterized the movements of human thoughts in an idealistic way; that is, the development of human thoughts constitutes the real foundation of dialectic of concept. As the internal movements of human thoughts, dialectic of concept unifies theories with methods as well as forms with contents. This is Hegel’s dialectic about thought connotation logic. Its great significance is that it has altered the abstract questions raised by Metaphysics for reason, integrating reason into the development course of human thought history to present the concrete rather than abstract "historical" concepts or principles. As a result of this, Marx is enlightened to inquire into the realistic relations between human and the world based on the development course of human history. It is exactly in this way that the direct theoretical resources for dialectic of Das Kapital have been provided.Based on inheriting Hegel’s thought connotation logic in a critical manner, Marx describes the "realistic humans and the development of their history" in the dialectical movement falling within economic categories in Das Kapital, with a view to putting forward the dialectic about historical connotation logic. Marx also discloses two-fold character of labor through two-fold character of commodity to highlight the naturalness and sociality of humans, with these realistic rather than abstract humans perceived as the starting point of historical connotation logic. As an exchange mode of the abstract human labor, currency is employed to reveal the existence of realistic capitalists, namely, the "human independence based on substance dependence" which constitutes the essential contents of historical connotation logic. The inherent contradiction between capital logic and living labor is employed to reveal the existence of realistic capitalists, namely, the "individuals under abstract rule". The inherent contradiction of capital logic not only constitutes the existence of realistic capitalists, but also forms the self-denial of capitalist. It reveals the development path of human history, that is, the realistic road of human liberation, namely, to liberate people from capital logic which constitutes the essential contents of historical connotation logic. Meanwhile, currency has also demonstrated the first characteristic of human existence, i.e., human dependence. Thus, Das Kapital has fundamentally uncovered the development rules of human history, namely "about realistic humans and the development of their history". This proves to be not only the dialectic about historical connotation logic in Das Kapital but also the Das Kapital that Lenin described as "Logic with a Capital". The dialectic of Das Kapital is the internal movement of the "realistic humans and the development of their history" that constitutes the realistic foundation of dialectic. Thus, dialectic and "realistic humans and the development of their history" are not separable as an internal unity.It is very important to clarify the true meaning of dialectic of Das Kapital. First of all, it reveals the scientific connotations of Das Kapital- "about realistic humans and the development of their history". It helps to break the popular understanding on relations of dialectic and Historical Materialism of Das Kapital. In Theses on Feuerbach, Marx has established the new world outlooks of Historical Materialism based on practices. In The German Ideology, Marx has clearly defined the principled stand of Historical Materialism- taking "realistic history" as the object. In Das Kapital, Marx has unveiled not only the "realistic history" of capitalist, but also the rules of human history- "about realistic humans and the development of their history". Based on the content, Das Kapital has achieved the unification between dialectic and Historical Materialism, both of which have been described in Das Kapital as the theories that criticize the existences. Das Kapital does not make use of Historical Materialism but builds the new outlooks of Historical Materialism from a fundamental perspective. Dialectic and Historical Materialism, known as the theory of "about realistic humans and the development of their history", are unified in Das Kapital.Once again, it helps us to explore the contemporary rationality of dialectic of Das Kapital in the background of "Post Metaphysics". The historical connotation logic or historical law of Das Kapital neither negates the inevitable collapse of capitalist nor simply announces the disavowal of capitalist, but looks upon the capitalistic stage from a historical perspective under certain historical conditions. The collapse of capitalist is a Communist movement that encourages existing world to constantly revolutionize itself and emancipates ourselves from the alienation of the non-sacred image. Thus, historical connotation logic of Das Kapital is concrete, realistic and objective. Instead of belonging to Relativism or Metaphysical Absolutism, it has been pursuing the tensional Ontology between ideal and reality, and therefore can be deemed as the unity of Ontology, Theory of Truth and Axiology. This proves to be the contemporary meaning of dialectic of Das Kapital.Last but not least, How to understand dialectic of Das Kapital is a significant issue that pays attention to the theoretical nature of Das Kapital from a fundamental perspective. If dialectic is considered as an external approach, Das Kapital will be defined as a work about political economics. However, what concerned Marx has been "how to make human liberation possible". It turns out that only by mastering Das Kapital based on dialectic with a rational form, namely, historical connotation logic, can true theoretical nature of Das Kapital be demonstrated; that is, it is not a pure work of political economics, but a theoretical magnum opus about "how to make human liberation possible". Marx’s values appeal for human liberation, plus the realistic path of human liberation revealed by him, is the focus of Das Kapital.In a word, dialectic of Das Kapital is a very important issue in the study of Das Kapital. As Lukacs emphasized, we must lay in its founder to develop and expand Marx’s dialectic; any attempt to overcome it or improve it will lead to make it shallow and mediocre. Only in this way, as "the essence of the times spirit" and "the living soul of civilization", philosophy of Das Kapital is demonstrated and constructed.