| Environmental problems are becoming increasingly attracted national attention, governments and institutions began to focus on environmental governance and management issues, but the limited natural aesthetics resources which the nature has given to human are constantly contamination and trampled, landscape management is an important part of environmental management, requiring us not only to conduct environmental management, but also to carry out landscape managementIn this paper, on the basis of a lot of literature reading of the foreign theoretical methods and practical experience, it combines with our country existing research results, tries systematic investigation, collation and analysis of landscape visual resources, re-interprets the visual quality of the landscape. The landscape features are decomposed into biophysical elements, form elements and psychological elements, the paper establishes the theoretical framework and evaluation process of landscape visual quality assessment which combine three aspects named the scenery quality, visual sensitivity, and visual absorption capability. It expands the definition of quality assessment, develops the indicators and criteria which combined with GIS technology and conventional evaluation methods, takes Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve for example, forms a complete evaluation system with multi-dimensional evaluation which combines sub-regional, sections and samples,The paper explores from both theoretical and practical aspects of how feasible way of comprehensive evaluation of landscape visual quality, and, finally, it gives the comments and suggestions to landscape planning and resource management, and thus provide the basis for Jiuzhaigou landscape visual resource protection and planning. This paper studies the following conclusions:(1) Based on the general evaluation standard, we research on vitality, uniqueness, diversity, completeness and spatiality, applying landscape pattern index calculation method into GIS technology. It figures out that the best evaluated lake areas of landscape quality assessment are Shuzheng Valley, Rize Valley, Zezhawa Valley and Zharu Valley, accounting for14.8%of the total research areas. And the visual units of the highest grade centralize within the area of main valleys.①The Shuzheng Valley performs well in general scenery quality. No.35and No.47visual units are the core area of the whole area. In Rize Valley, No.26visual unit which enjoys the most spots is superset of the area. No3visual unit of Zezhawa Valley and No.42visual unit of Zharu Valley are the best in terms of scenery quality evaluation. Danzu Valley overall evaluation results of scenery quality is poor, there is no best visual units.②Among close-range, scenery quality become better when going deep into Zharu Valley; the ways around Shuzheng Valley have good evaluation result of scenery quality, especially the No.20-27sections. While sections of No.32-34and No.45-46in Zezhawa Valley are the best. No.45-46sections in Rize Valley which scattered with the Jing Sea, Zhenzhu Beach, Zhenzhu Beach Waterfalls and other spots are best in scenery quality.③Among mid-range, the sections of entrance of valley have ordinary landscape quality. No.8-12sections of Zharu Valley have higher scenery quality. The evaluated result of Shuzheng Valley is generally good. Around Shangjijie Sea and Xiajijie Sea, the section of Zezhawa Valley has the first-degree scenery quality. But No.51-54sections of Rize Valley have relatively worse scenery quality, while other sections are good in evaluation.④It uses SBE method to evaluate the key point areas within the research range and discover that the best spots are Huohua Sea, Wuhua Sea and Nuorilang Waterfalls. By using quantification theory I to establish the landscape evaluation model of SBE value and the landscape category, we can confirm that the most contributive factors to scenery quality are topography, richness of landscape and number of visible lakes.(2) By selecting evaluation factors, relative slope, visual probability, the degree of relative line-of-sight and eye-catching, results of the research of landscape visual sensitivity in Jiuzhaigou Natural Reserve can be found as follows:①Landscape sensitivity of Shuzheng Valley is the highest level in the area, which shall be viewed as key protected areas. Spots of Rize Valley are distributed in the primary sensitivity area, and Zezhawa Valley has the similar situation; No.39section on the right side of Zharu Valley road has high visual sensitivity, which is associated with its gradient change. And the landscape visual sensitivity of the whole region of Danzu Valley is generally low.②From close-range area, landscape visual sensitivity evaluation results, road around Guodu Village of Zharu Valley, the section of Penjing Beach of Shuzheng Valley, road around the Shangjijie Sea and Xiajijie Sea of Zezhawa Valley, and road around the Jing Sea are sensitive. Section changes of mid-range areas are flat and the overall sensitivity is less than that of the close-range areas. This is due to the decreasing effect of water landscape and the increasing advantages brought by plants.③In Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve, Penjing beach, Huohua Sea, Xiniu Sea, Nuorilang Waterfalls, Wucai pools, Xiongmao Sea and Jianzhu Sea have the highest visual sensitivity, with the priority in natural landscape. Accordingly, the protection and the coordination of the ecological environment should be paid attention to the process of tourism development.(3) By selecting the factors of slope, aspect, terrain degrees, vegetation richness, vegetation pattern and soil stability, results of the research of six evaluation factor of landscape visual absorption capability in Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve can be found as follows:①The most direct factors that affect the absorbability of the landscape are plants. If plants are dense and are of variety, and the structure more complicated, the self-adjustment ability of the community would be stronger, and the absorption capability higher. In the areas, spots around Nuorilang tourist center have strong absorption capability. The Naxi Village of Zharu Valley and Shuzheng Village have the strongest landscape visual absorption capability. Zezhawa Valley, Rize Valley and Danzu Valley have similar situations; the overall trend is that absorption capability is decreased as altitude increased.②From the perspectives of roads and plank roads around, close-range spots are better evaluated in comprehensive visual absorption capability. For example, the trend of result of Zharu Valley is descending first, then ascend. The absorption capability of Shuzheng Valley areas descends while the number of road section increases. No.28-36sections of Zezhawa Valley and No.49section and No.55section of Rize Valley enjoy the highest marks in terms of absorption capability. As for mid-range areas, the change of absorptive is relatively steady. They have higher marks than close shot areas in absorption capability as well. This is due to the dense distribution of plants and long distance from roads.③In this area, the best visual absorption capability belongs to Penjing Beach, Huohua Sea, Shuzheng Sea groups and Wuhua Sea. Other spots have lower absorption capability within visible areas, in which slight activities of human being would bring intense and extensive impact on ecology.(4) Overlaid the scores of above three part of the contents and then get the landscape visual quality assessment results. According to the landscape status to determine the management objectives and future development proposals in Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve. Studies show that:①In the regional:The regional landscape of Shuzheng Village, Nuorilang visitor center and Jing Sea are the highest visual quality assessment areas which are the key protected areas. Zharu Valley has greatest potential on landscape planning; it should pay attention to the impact of visual landscape quality assessment in the future landscape management and development. The visual units which can substantially modify are No.19in Rize Valley, No.24in Zezhawa Valley and No.39in Zharu Valley. Acceptable future development areas are mainly concentrated in three main valleys which have attractions located near them, areas generally have higher level of absorption capability.②Close-range within500m distance, landscape quality evaluation results are good in sections of No.11-12in road ends of Zharu Valley, No.13-14and No.26in Shuzheng Valley, No.45-46in Rize Valley. Three main Valley roads are no need for substantial modified. Key protection sections are mainly distributed in three main Valley interchange area and landscape can’t be destroyed. Future acceptable development area is in the entry area of Zharu Valley as well as some road sections of Zechawa Valley with higher level of absorption capability.③Middle-range with1500m distance, landscape quality evaluation results are good in sections of No.4in entry area of Zharu Valley, No.13-14Shuzheng Valley, No.34near Xiajijie Sea attraction in Zechawa Valley and No.46near Jing Sea attraction in Rize Valley. It should focus on the protection of sections are the No.13-14in the Shuzheng Valley, No.24near Xiniu Sea in Shuzheng Valley and No.46near Jing Sea in Rize Valley. The sections which are unsuitable for development in close-range in Shuzheng Valley are now suitable for the properly development in middle-range. The sections of Wuhua Sea in Zechawa Valley and near Chang Sea Valley are still in the low absorption capability, unsuitable for further development.The innovation of this paper is to:(1) On the basis of relevant research results at home and abroad to establish landscape visual quality assessment framework. It establishes evaluation index by combining the biophysical elements of the landscape, form elements and psychological elements, and proposes landscape visual quality should include three aspects of the scenery quality evaluation, visual sensitivity evaluation and visual absorption capability for the establishment of landscape visual quality assessment processes and systems. It extends the landscape visual quality valuation system that the previous evaluation only takes scenic landscape visual quality evaluation.(2) It builds a pluralistic and open evaluation methods system and evaluation model which is in line with the actual situation. GIS spatial analysis technology and landscape pattern indexes are introduced into the landscape visual quality assessment, the abstract visual evaluation extends to the quantify level, the evaluation results of all the indicators are taken into quantitative values of1-5, and overlay analysis, make the evaluation process more universal.(3) It carries out a case study of Jiuzhaigou landscape visual quality assessment. It builds landscape visual resource database and makes more comprehensive evaluation by using binding studies scale of point--line-surface.In this paper, the theoretical significance is:(1) It enriches the scope of the landscape visual evaluation; The paper tries to add some landscape index of landscape ecology to the landscape visual as evaluation factors, as well as evaluating the stability of the landscape, in order to enrich the scope of landscape visual evaluation.(2) To provide guidance for scenic visual resources planning and management. As an important part of environmental planning and management, the landscape pollution will gradually aroused the concern of the people, so the visual landscape quality analysis and assessment is particularly necessary.(3) To provide new ideas for landscape visual evaluation studies by using new technologies. Because of the lack of uniform evaluation criteria and methods of landscape evaluation, it will become more difficult to use the scientific method to evaluate the visual effects of the landscape. Combined with GIS is a very good attempt, including cumulative viewed, brightness extraction, the space openness and other new methods provides new ideas and methods for landscape visual quality evaluation, making up the traditional research methods lack.(4) In this paper, these indicators and methods applied to the World-Class Nature Reserve-Jiuzhaigou example, it builds landscape visual resource database and completes the complex point-line-surface evaluation combining with the entire region and the three main Valley along the road and many sights,and then putting forward corresponding countermeasures for landscape planning and visual resource management, providing a scientific basis of landscape visual evaluation, landscape management and sustainable development of the landscape for the area and the same type of scenic areaHowever, due to the ability and limit time of the author, the research of visual quality is still preliminary, the proposed evaluation framework, methods are relatively simple, there is a need for more in-depth research. The classification of the evaluation of the study area needs to be further improved, the combination of a variety of evaluation methods need to be considered carefully. In addition, the technology also can further tap GIS powerful spatial analysis techniques to more in-depth research, these aspects have yet to accumulate more information for detailed study in practice in the future. |
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