| Jerusalem artichoke, known as Helianthus tuberosus, is rich in nutrients, including16.6%carbohydrate (among which78%are inulin) when it is fresh. In addition, it contains a small amount of protein, crude fiber, amino acids, vitamin and a variety of minerals. Inulin is widely-grown, highly-adaptable, frigostable, drought-enduring and barren-tolerable. It has been broadly planted in China. It is especially suitable for being planting in Fuxin, Wangfangdian of Dalian and Xiulian of Anshan. It’s a precious resource with huge development potential.The processing of inulin needs such complicated processes as deproteinization and edulcoration, which makes its production cost pretty high. In addition, the product obtained has residual chemical reagent, which makes the use of inulin a certain kind of security risk. After decrustation, desiccation and smash, the difficult-to-be-preserved fresh inulin will become inulin granules, the essential component of which is inulin, which both avoids residual solvent from process, maintains lots of nutrients of inulin and better resolve the storage and transportation problem of inulin. So, compared with inulin, the research and development of inulin granules has more practical significance.According to research, inulin is extremely processable. It can be used as a replacement of thickener, fat and humectants and is broadly used in processing of frozen mean product, fermented dairy products and pastry etc. It can not only change rheological and texture characteristics of food but also has such physiological functions as promoting proliferation of probiotics and that dietary fiber has. Previous study mainly focused on inulin and we have not yet seen any reports of studies about inulin granules. So, it should be compared and analyzed in order to get the conclusion of whether inulin granules can be used to replace some major processing characteristics of inulin. The processing characteristics of inulin granules are further studied and the gel and fermentative property are fundamentally studied in this paper through the comparison of basic characteristics between inulin granules and inulin. Based on studied characters of inulin granules, its characters have been changed. The chelating character of inulin granules, after character change, is used to make chelated calcium product. Calcium absorption increase effect and mechanism of calcium preparation which use inulin granules as its chelate substrate is also studied, which not only provide technical support for the application of processing character of inulin granules but also reasonably applied high added value of jerusalem artichoke products. The research project has certain social benefit, economy benefit and benefits the improvement of people’s health level. It is of great importance in promoting the development of highly-effective agriculture and green products. The major conclusions are as follows:I. Among the three major kinds of jerusalem artichokes which are planted in Dalian of Lioaning province, Liaodong Xiaohong is more suitable for being used as the raw material of inulin. Hot air dried and smashed inulin granules has higher content of starch, protein, fat, ash and crude fiber. Synanthrin content in inulin granules is73.70±3.65, nearly14%lower than that in inulin. However, synanthrin is still the major content of inulin granules. Self-made inulin granules is faint yellow and in powder form. Also basic content of inulin granules differs from that of inulin largely, such characters as VGI, gelation time, water holding capability, transmittancy, freeze-thaw stability and viscosity are similar, which makes the two to be used to replace each other. Oil holding capability of inulin granules is better than that of inulin, or we can say their difference is substantial (P<0.001). Inulin granules can be used in the processing of fatty ray materials.II. Inulin granules have better gel capacity. Its major gel capacity parameters, like gel strength, adhesiveness, elasticity, cohesiveness, chewiness and estorative increases with density of inulin granules. Increasing density of inulin granules is an effective way to increase gel capacity of inulin granules system. Gel capacity depends linearly on mass fraction of inulin granules. When inulin granules’density is equal or lesser than50%, gel capacity changes substantially. When inulin granules’density is equal or lesser than60%, chewiness changes substantially. Other parameters are not evidently influenced by inulin granules’ density. Texture performance of inulin granules is not evidently influenced by storage time. Storage temperature can affect gel capacity of inulin granules. When the temperature ranges from60℃to80℃, inulin granules gels. Acid, salt and sugar can affect the formation of inulin granules gel substantially. When PH=6, the intensity of gel reaches its peak, an improvement of6%when compared with the intensity of naturally-formed (pH=6.6) gel of inulin granules system. Polysaccharide and disaccharide, compared with monosaccharide. affects gel capacity of inulin granules more. Low concentration salt affects gel capacity of inulin granules largely while high concentration salt’s impact on gel capacity is small.III. Inulin granules have higher fermentation performance on lactic acid bacteria, bifidobacterium, lactobacillus bulgaricus and lactobacillus acidophilus. Its propagation effect is2fold of that of Inulin and9.7fold of that of glucose when used as lactic acid bacteria substrate. Its propagation effect on bifidobacterium is5.3fold of that of inulin and16.8fold of that of glucose when used as carbon source. Its propagation effect on lactobacillus bulgaricus is4.8fold of that of inulin and9.6fold of that of glucose when used as carbon source. Its propagation effect on lactobacillus acidophilus is3.7fold of that of inulin and9.3fold of that of glucose when used as carbon source. Inulin has poor fermentation performance on streptococcus thermophilus. Inulin has no propagation effect on streptococcus thermophilus when used as substrate carbon source. Growth status of streptococcus thermophilus in substrate carbon source of inulin granules has small difference than that in MRS substrate. Through single factor experiment and respond surface analysis, fermentation conditions of lactobacillus, when glucose substrate is replaced with inulin granules substrate, are determined:concentration of carbon source is2.1%, fermentation temperature is38℃, inoculation size is10%and actual measured fermented total lactobacillus count is2.48×109cfu/mL.Ⅳ. Among all the factors of the processing of CMIG, basification time, quantity ratio between sodium hydroxide and inulin granules, quantity and size ratio between MAC and inulin granules have substantial effect on degree of carboxymethyl substitution. The optimal processing condition is:quantity ratio between monochloroacetic acid and inulin granules is1.6:1; quantity ratio between sodium hydroxide and inulin granules is1.1:1; etherification time is3hours, based on which the substitution degree is1.3. During the process of CMIG production, the following three factors:solution pH value, quantity ratio between CaCl2and CMIG, chelation time, have significant influence on substitution degree. The optimal chelation process is:pH value is7, quantity ratio between CaCl2and carboxymethyl inulin granules is9:100, chelation time is30minutes, based on which the chelation degree is63.7%. Chelating calcium ion capacity of CMIG with different substitution degree differs from each other:in lower substitution degree range (0.2<DS<0.67), chelation rate of calcium ion increases sharply with substitution degree; in middle substitution degree range (0.67<DS <1.05), chelation rate keeps increasing but by a lower increase rate while in higher substitution degree range (1.05<DS<1.27), chelation rate tends to decrease.V. CMIGC may have three chelation forms:chelation within fructose, chelation within inulin granules and chelation between inulin granules. According to liquid mass spectrometry test, percentage of chelation within fructose structure is low and most chelation belongs to the later two structures. According to infrared spectroscopy test,1596cm-1and1425.14cm-1characteristic peaks of carboxymethyl divide into two characteristic absorption peaks:1608.34cm-1and1562.06cm-1as well as1450.21cm-1and1425.14cm-1. According to NMR and MS test, carboxymethylation and chelated calcium have not changed major structure of synanthrin. CMIGC is still furanoid polysaccharose. Oxhydryl in C-3, C-4and C-6is reactive and can be replaced by carboxymethyl. Chemical shift of carbonyl carbon changes from175.1(before chelation) to181.9(after chelation). According to x-ray diffraction test, after chelating calcium ion, sharp diffraction peak will show when2θis5.3°,10.3°and10.7°etc. Diffraction peaks still exists when20is7.6°,25.4°and27.2°. Diffraction peak intensity decreases when8.2°,21.3°and29.7°, compared with CMIG According to electron microscope test, morphological structure of CMIG disappears after it chelates calcium ion. Granules surface see tremendous of calcium grains which inlay in the surface of CMI. According to Differential Scanning Calorimeter and Thermogravimetric Analysis, thermodynamic property of CMIG changes after it chelates calcium ion. Chelation amount of calcium ion is4.99mmol/g(20.01mg/g).Ⅵ. Castrating adult female rat through bilateral ovariectomy method to build rat osteoporosis model and use osteoporosis model rat as carrier. After the application of bilateral ovariectomy on rats in model group, femur quality, blood calcium content, UCa content and femur intesntiy FTD indicator are all lower than that of rats in blank control group and the difference is significant. Tissue slice sees pathologic changes as osteocyte decrease. According to morphological changes and measure results of femur tissue pathological slice of rats in model group, the copy of this model is a success. Dry weight, wet weight, blood calcium and bone mineral density of femur in inulin granules calcium group are higher than that in high calcium group while urinary calcium content is lower than that in high calcium group. Slice femur of rats and bone trabecula in the slice increases significantly and thickens, compared with that in model group, and has less osteoclast on the surface of bone trabecula, while osteoblast is higher in volume and more active in proliferation than that in model group. CMIGC can effectively improve blood calcium level, bone mineral density and relieve osteoporosis of osteoporosis model rat. Its absorbance of calcium preparation is superior to traditional carbonic acid calcium preparation.Ⅶ. Use CMIGC to intervene rats in intestinal bacilli illness group to establish intestinal bacilli illness rats model. According to test, CMIGC can adjust intestinal flora, improve active state of rat and make those inactive rats in good spirit, turn watery stool into normal; enhance SOD activity of rat’s serum and lower MDA content; lower DNA level of colibacillus inside intestinal tract of rats in model group. In terms of CMIGC which can only be absorbed inside large intestine, improving antioxidation ability and adjusting flora balance inside large intestine is one of the mechanisms that is likely to help calcium ion absorption. |
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