| Livestock industry has achieved remarkable development effectiveness in China, the livestock production and per capita output increased substantially, the proportion of animal husbandry output value of agricultural output increased significantly, since the Reform and Opening-up. In2010, the proportion of large-scale breeding pigs, hens and cows in our country were64.5%,78.8%, and46.5%, the level of large-scale farming of our country’s livestock is increasing. The changes in livestock feeding patterns directly lead to increased emissions from livestock manure density and pastoral disjointed seriously, that threat to the environment seriously. The first national census of pollution sources dynamically updated data show that the water pollutant emissions of COD, NH3-N from livestock are respectively3.23times,2.3times from industrial sources, respectively accounting to the country’s total emissions45%,25%, livestock industry has become an important source of our country’s environmental pollution in2010. Meanwhile, livestock industry is also an important source of GHG emissions,"Livestock’s Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Solutions" which was published by FAO in2006pointed that, if take the livestock feed production land and the use change of land caused by farm land occupation, the global livestock sector accounts for18percent of GHG emissions from human activities’GHG calculated by CO2equivalent. Livestock industry has become a major threat to climate change.Based on the macro-perspective, this paper described the current situation of our country’s livestock development, quantified the pollution levels of water or soil by manure emissions and the status of livestock GHG emissions, analyzed the spatial and temporal characteristics of livestock pollution, seized the long-term relationship between livestock environmental pollution and economic growth. Based on the micro-perspective, this paper analyzed the factors which affecting the livestock and poultry farms to carry out the wishes of environmental pollution prevention, and selected the typical case which carried out environmental pollution prevention, analyzed its measures and benefits. Then, this paper combing and commentary the existing central and local prevention policies in livestock pollution, and learned from the prevention experience of American and European countries. Finally, proposed the environmental pollution prevention strategies for the actual development of the livestock. This paper has good theoretical and practical value. The main contents of this paper include:research background, purpose and meaning, dynamic and commentary, concepts definition theoretical basis(Chapter1, Chapter2), Chinese livestock development and environmental pollution temporal characteristics (Chapter3), Analyze the relationship between livestock environmental pollution and economic growth in China (Chapter4). Analyze the farm’s livestock wishes of environmental pollution prevention:A Case of Wuhan (Chapter5), A Case Study of Livestock Industry Environmental Pollution(Chapter6) and The prevention and control strategies of our livestock pollution (Chapter7).The main conclusions are as follows:(1) Environmental pollution problem has appeared with the rapid development of Chinese livestock. Based on the environmental carrying capacity and life-cycle theory empirical analysis showed that our country’s livestock pollution situation is grim, the environment carrying capacity of water and soil are excessive caused by the emissions of nitrogen and phosphorus from livestock, and the total GHG emission from livestock is rising, has become the new environmental problems. Compared with the beginning of Reform and Opening-up, the production capacity of Chinese livestock increased significantly, the per capita consumption of livestock products increased substantially, the product structure of livestock optimized gradually, the production layout regionalization formed gradually, the level of standardization and scale increased substantially, the construction of livestock breeding had significant results, have established a sound livestock technology promotion system. Further integration between the upstream and downstream industry chain in livestock appeared, emerged series of large-scale livestock breeding group such as WENS, COFCO MEAT, New Hope Group, LUONIUSHAN, TRUE IN GROUP and on, which accelerate the modernization process of our country’s livestock. Based on the environmental carrying capacity and life-cycle theory empirical analysis showed that the water and soil environment pollution pressures showed a two-stage-characteristic, namely "increased year by year-decreased steadily" from1990to2011, consider the use of fertilizers and crop nutrient requirement and other factors, in the temporal characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of livestock;. In the spatial characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of livestock, the overload of water environment has been the primary environmental constraints, while the overload of soil environment follows that, which are hindering the livestock development in Chinese various regions in the spatial characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of livestock, In2011, the nitrogen and phosphorus emissions from livestock are showing environmental carrying excessive in all mainland provinces except Tibet. Compare different economic divisions showed that the soil environment carrying pressure index was descending so for the central, eastern, western and northeastern regions and the water environment carrying pressure index descending so for the eastern, central, northeastern and western regions. Compare different livestock divisions showed that the soil environment carrying pressure index was descending so for agricultural areas, pastoral and farming-pastoral areas, and the water environment carrying pressure index descending so for farming-pastoral areas, agricultural areas and pastoral areas. In the temporal characteristics of livestock GHG emissions, the emissions of CO2equivalent of livestock by life-cycle assessment and various aspects are showing an upward trend over the past22years, particularly the growth of rearing phase, planting feed grain, processing and transporting feed grain, slaughtering and processing animal products are even more significant, but the emissions of CO2equivalent from processing and transporting feed grain and slaughtering and processing animal products accounted for the total emissions from Chinese livestock are less than1%and0.05%. The emissions of CO2equivalent from gastrointestinal fermentation and manure management system, show a downward trend. The emissions from ruminant livestock account for55.25%, while non-ruminant livestock account for44.75%over the past22years. In the spatial characteristics of livestock GHG emissions, in2011both the emissions and emissions-intensity of CO2equivalent from Inner Mongolia, Liaoning and Yunnan’s livestock are among the nation’s top10. Comparing between different economic divisions shows that the emissions of livestock in the western region account for the largest share, and the emissions-intensity of Western and Northeastern are significantly higher than the Eastern and Central in China. Comparing between different livestock divisions shows that the emissions of CO2equivalent from agricultural areas’ livestock accounted for63.88%of China, however the emission-intensity of pastoral areas is the highest, while the emission-intensity of agriculture areas is the lowest. (2) Using the EKC theory to verify the relationship between livestock environmental pollution and economic growth found that the water and soil pollution with the per capita GDP meet the inverted "U"-shaped curve relationship, and has crossed the curve "turning point" showing positive trends, while livestock GHG emission intensity linearly decreasing trend, which does not meet the inverted "U"-shaped curve relationship with the per capita GDP. This paper systematically describes the theoretical relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth, Using three indicators:soil nitrogen overload capacity, the water environment carrying pressure index and livestock GHG intensity in1990-2011years, which reflect the degree of environmental pollution livestock to verify the EKC curve with the per capita GDP, under the premise of stationary sequence. Studies have shown that the water and soil pollution with the per capita GDP meet the inverted "U"-shaped curve relationship, and has crossed the curve "turning point" showing positive trends, while livestock GHG emission intensity linearly decreasing trend, which does not meet the inverted "U"-shaped curve relationship with the per capita GDP. Overall, livestock environmental pollution has emerged easing trend with the economic growth in our country.(3) Analyze the factors which influence Farms’s wishes to carry out Pollution Prevention using binary Logistic regression models, studies have shown that the farming scale, land scale, economic costs of pollution prevention and the regulatory pressure from the environmental protection department have a significant positive effect to the probability of large-scale farms for environmental pollution prevention. The livestock development of Wuhan City is a microcosm of our country’s livestock to some extent, this paper selected Wuhan City a sample area has some representation. After2000, the Wuhan municipal government has issued a series of livestock pollution prevention policy, for the environmental pollution problems caused by the development of livestock. Carding the policies about livestock development and environmental pollution prevention in Wuhan, and selecting103large-scale pig farms as a sample whose slaughter are more than500heads, analyzing the factors which influence Farms’s wishes to carry out Pollution Prevention using binary Logistic regression models, studies have shown that the farming scale, land scale, economic costs of pollution prevention and the regulatory pressure from the environmental protection department have a significant positive effect to the probability of large-scale farms for environmental pollution prevention. While the farms policymakers’age, education, breeding age, economic situation in recent years, financing channels, the cognition degree of pollution on livestock, claiming that livestock will aggravate global warming or not, the relations with neighboring villagers, village or government because of environmental issues does not have a significant impact.(4) Using case analysis, select Wuhan Yinhe Pig Farm for the study showed that Wuhan Yinhe Pig Farm has solved the problem of environmental pollution and achieved a good ecological and economic benefits through constructing the large-scale biogas, transfering and developing the land, strictly regulate the management of pig rearing, manure utilization, using the manure as resources, integrated operating the agriculture and animal husbandry. Through these measures,Yinhe Pig Farms has solved the problem of environmental pollution and builded planting combined circulation of agricultural systems. Compared with pure pig farming, this circulation system of agricultural are dominant in resource reduction, environmental bearing pressures, system productivity and economic efficiency.(5) Proposed strategies for our country’s livestock environmental pollution prevention. Combing those earlier findings, combing and reviewing existing policies in livestock pollution prevention, learning from the prevention experience of American and European countries, fully considering the livestock’s status in our national economy and the industry characteristics, balancing the livestock development and environmental pollution control, proposing the environmental pollution prevention strategies for the actual livestock development, such as strengthening the construction of livestock pollution control system, intensifying policy support, improving the incentive mechanism, improving pollution prevention technical standards and specifications, strengthening the research, demonstration and promotion of technology in livestock pollution control, promoting pollution prevention education, exploring the establishment of technical systems and policy mechanisms in livestock GHG emissions.In this paper, there may be three innovations. First,the research topic is innovative. In this paper, the nitrogen and phosphorus emissions from livestock and livestock GHG emissions have been included in the environmental pollution research system, while existing researches has focused in the field of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution from livestock, so this research topics have some innovation. Second, the research methods are innovative. On the one hand, existing researches on nitrogen and phosphorus pollution from livestock are more focused on the risk of contamination of the soil or water in a single field, this paper considering the use of fertilizers, crop absorption, pastoral manure burning and other factors, scientific measured the degree of contamination from livestock and the temporal and spatial characteristics of soil, water environment, based on environmental carrying theory, reflecting innovative. On the other hand, the existing researches on livestock GHG emissions mostly concentrated in the breeding of livestock and manure management system, which are direct emissions. Comprehensive consideration of livestock’s direct production and upstream and downstream industry chain, this paper considers six major link of livestock:gastrointestinal fermentation, manure management system, energy consumption in rearing phase, planting feed grain, processing and transporting feed grain, slaughtering and processing animal products, to estimate the emissions of Chinese livestock’s GHG during1990to2011by life-circle assessment, in every part of China using panel data, reflecting innovative. Third, the conclusions is innovative. This paper considered the pollution from nitrogen, phosphorus and GHG emissions of livestock, seized the long-term relationship between livestock environmental pollution and economic growth, analyzed the factors which affecting the livestock and poultry farms to carry out the wishes of environmental pollution prevention, and selected the typical case which carried out environmental pollution prevention, analyzed its measures and benefits. Then, this paper combing and commentary the existing central and local prevention policies in livestock pollution, learned from the prevention experience of American and European countries, proposed the environmental pollution prevention strategies for the actual development of the livestock, conclusions have some innovative. |
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