| The impact of land use change on ecosystem services is a hot issue and frontier field of landscape ecology,geography and environmental management.Analyzing the ecological and environmental problems caused by land use change from the perspective of the response of ecosystem services to land use change,and bridge the relationship between ecosystem services and land use management is of great theoretical and practical significance for enhancing the land use management efficiency and protecting local ecosystem services.The spatial heterogeneity of social-economic development and the distribution of natural resources in the Yangtze River Delta are complex and the land use change is complex,which caused many challenges in the coupling study of land use management and ecosystem services.Based on the basic law of the interaction between land use and ecosystem services change,this paper analyzes the relationship between land use change and ecosystem service change,and evaluates the sustainability of land use change from the perspectives of ecosystem service vulnerability,the balance of ecosystem services supply and demand and ecosystem services trade-offs,the responses of ecosystem services to land use change was systematically analyzed.We build a coupled SD and CLUE-S model to carry out the simulation of land use sustainability which is based on the relationship between ecosystem service and land use management.The main conclusions of the thesis are as follows:(1)Analyze the characteristics and trends of land use change in Yangtze River Delta from 1990 to 2010,and discuss the correlation between land use change and ecosystem service value and function change.The results show that:?Land use change in the Yangtze River Delta from 1990 to 2010 is characterized by a large number of agricultural land transferred to built-up land,which shows the typical urbanization process.The rapid increase of urban built-up land in the plain river network area,such as Jiangsu Province and Shanghai City,caused the sharp decrease of agricultural land,water area and grassland.The land use change has led to a rapid decrease of ecosystem service value.The value of ecosystem supplying service decreased by 7.4%,the value of ecosystem regulating service was reduced by 1.4%,and the value of ecosystem supporting service was reduced 4.1%,the total value of ecosystem services is reduced by 2.0%,and the land use change leads to the scarcity ecosystem services.? The spatial distribution,structure and composition of ecosystem service value of the Yangtze River Delta are affected by the land use change,with a lower ecosystem services value in inner city area and higher value in peri-urban area,among which the value of adjusting service presents the most significant change.The spatial distribution of ecosystem services value is seriously imbalanced and the value of built-up area is generally low.Therefore,the value of regulating service and supporting service should be noticed in future land use management,and the corresponding planning management and protection measures should be discussed in depth.? Land use pattern change in highly urbanized area in Yangtze River Delta is mainly resulted from the decrease of MPS(Mean Patch Size)and the fragmentation of farmland and natural vegetation.And the MPS of urban built-up land is increasing and aggregating,with small-scale river landscape disappears,leading to declining ecosystem functions.(2)Analyze the responses of ecosystem service to land use change in the Yangtze River Delta and evaluate the sustainability of ecosystem service from the perspective of ecosystem service supply and demand,ecosystem service vulnerability and trade-offs of ecosystem services.The results show that:?The assessment of ecosystem services vulnerability.The spatial pattern of ecosystem vulnerability in the Yangtze River Delta presents that the highly urbanized areas have relatively high vulnerability level,and the southern area of Zhejiang province and northern Jiangsu coastal areas have relatively low vulnerability level.The spatial distribution of different vulnerability levels is decreasing from the urban central area to the suburbs,and the gradient characteristics are obvious.It is suggested to reduce the degree of exposure of the urban agglomeration of the Yangtze River and Hangzhou Bay area by adjusting the intensity and way of land use,and to improve the adaptability of urban infrastructure and improve the urban ecological infrastructure to reduce its sensitivity,and these management measures can significantly reduce the ecosystem services vulnerability of the Yangtze River Delta.?The balance of ecosystem services supply and demand.From 1990 to 2010,the capacity of ecosystem services supply in the Yangtze River Delta decreased by about 3.25%,the ecosystem services demand increased by about 12.55%,the D-value of ecosystem services supply and demand decreased by 23.44%.The ecosystem services supply capacity continued to decline and the ecosystem services demand continued to rise.The imbalance of supply and demand of ecosystem services in the Yangtze River Delta is expanding continuously.The increase of ecosystem services demand and the decline of ecosystem services supply are clustering in the highly urbanized area.The proportion of imbalanced area has increased from 24.20%in 1990 to 33.91%in 2010,it is suggested that in the future land use planning,the government should take into account the characteristics of regional ecosystem service supply and demand,and restrict the expansion of urban construction land in Taihu Lake buffer area and Hangzhou Bay area,and make a reasonable development plan for the central area of Jiangsu Province and riparian buffer area of Yangtze River,focusing on the restoration of weak supply capacity area,consider the ecological compensation and protection of the southern area of Yangtze River Delta,Huaihe River-Hongze Lake area and other area with strong ecosystem services supply capacity.Considering the trend of ecosystem services supply and demand imbalance in the Yangtze River Delta,on the one hand,it is suggested to optimize the landscape structure and make the multi-ecological service functions of the landscape to enhance the ecosystem service supply.On the other hand,change the way of urban development and focused on the enhancement of the quality of urban development,try to reduce the demand and consumption of land resources;?Ecosystem services trade-off.The Ecosystem services trade-off in the Yangtze River Delta region is mainly between ecosystem supplying services(food production)and ecosystem regulating services(water quality regulation service,erosion control service and flood control service).In the northern part of Yangtze River Delta the trade-off is characterized by ecosystem supplying services,in the southern part of Yangtze River Delta the trade-off is characterized by ecosystem regulating services.In view of the characteristics of Ecosystem services trade-off of Yangtze River Delta,it is suggested that in the future land use planning,planners should break through the administrative divisions,consider the spatial heterogeneity of the ecosystem services trade-off intensity,the highly urbanized area such as Taihu Lake and Hangzhou Bay area should be restricted for urban built-up land expansion,and should take intensive urban management.In the land use management process,on the one hand,planners should takes into account the stakeholders' participation in decision-making,and implements ecological compensation based on the supply and demand of ecosystem services.On the other hand,it is necessary to identify the trade-off characteristics of ecosystem services on time scale and avoid short-term planning to form long-term irreversible trade-offs of ecosystem services.? Ecosystem services sustainability evaluation.The sustainability of ecosystem services of the Yangtze River Delta has significant spatial heterogeneity,among which the southern area of Zhejiang province with high forest cover contributes most,followed by the riparian buffer area of Yangtze River and the Huaihe River-Hongze Lake Ecological Gallery area.These two types of areas should be used as a hot spot for the protection of ecosystem services on the macro-scale,which is suitable to be protected as the key ecologically protected areas in Yangtze River Delta.The Hangzhou Bay,the highly urbanized riparian buffer area of Yangtze River and the Taihu Lake Plain have the weakest sustainability of ecosystem services,and it is suitable for the intensive management and development within the existing urban built-up areas.At the same time,it is necessary to recover and reconstruct the ecosystem service supply capacity and control the excessive growth of ecosystem services demand in this area.In the future,the balance of the protection of ecological spaces constructed by farmland-river network area and urban development is the main challenge for the land use integration management in the Yangtze River Delta.The study of ecosystem sustainability assessment and function division spatial analysis based on the sustainability of ecosystem services can provide theoriotical references for the planning of Flexible cities and climate adaptive city in the Yangtze River Delta.(3)By building a coupled SD and CLUE-S model,the ecosystem services and land use management are linked,to assess the sustainability of land use management.The results show that,in the current "Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration Development Plan" and "The Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic Development",restrict the urban built-up land expansion in southern part of Yangtze River Delta,protect the riparian buffer area of Yangtze River,Taihu Lake and Huaihe River-Hongze Lake area is beneficial to the higher comprehensive utilization of land use in the long-time planning.And the land development and utilization of riparian buffer area of Yangtze River,Taihu Lake and Huaihe River-Hongze Lake area will be beneficial to the comprehensive utilization of land use in the shorter-time planning.?There is a trade-off relationship between the social-economic development and the protection of ecosystem services in the Yangtze River Delta at the planning time dimension,and the trade-off relationship has a time-scale effect.The choice of the planning time scale has an important influence on the trade-off between the socio-economic development and the ecosystem services protection.On the one hand,we should establish the ecological protection collaborative mechanism and ecological compensation mechanism during the land use management process and consider the various stakeholders to participate in decision-making,considering the ecological compensation which aims to pay for the ecosystem services delivered by the southern part of the Yangtze River Delta,the riparian buffer area of Yangtze River and the Huaihe River-Hongze Lake Ecological Gallery by the other area of Yangtze River Delta;on the other hand,it is necessary to discuss the relevant engineering and management measures from the perspective of ecosystem services supply and demand,ecosystem services trade-off and ecosystem services vulnerability.? From the perspective of land use planning and management,the following measures can effectively protect and improve ecosystem services:Merge small agricultural patches,retain large patches and patches with regular shape;protect agricultural landscape within the riparian area and maintain structurally clustered vegetation area;protect wetland landscapes formed by the intertwining of farmland and river network in the river network area and rebuild them as country parks. |
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