Distribution And Source Analysis Of Pharmaceutical And Personal Care Products In The Grand Canal And Related Areas

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)are substances used by individuals for personal health or cosmetic reasons and the products used by agribusiness to boost growth or health of livestock.Those compounds comprise a large,diverse array of contaminants that can enter the environment from the combined activities,actions,and behaviors of multitudes of individualsas well as from veterinary and agricultural use.PPCPs are widely studied,for their ecotoxicity and bioaccumulative behavior.45 target PPCPs of different groups were selected for this study.High performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS/MS)analysis method was developed with the sample pretreatment method by solid phase extraction(SPE).Using this method,we measured surface water samples collected from the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal and related watersheds.Detailed interpretation of the concentration and distribution of PPCPs in those samples were performed.And the comparison of the source of PPCPs in the Grand Canal and its related watersheds was carried out,as well as the difference of the distribution of PPCPs in different seasons.Specific compounds were used as tracers to the source of certain comtaminant.And characteristic rivers and lakes were used as fingerprint fragments to draw an analogy with the Grand Canal to get a comprehensive understanding of the source of the Grand Canal,and thus to serve theoretically in assessing and controlling PPCPs pollution of the Grand Canal.Among all samples,42 species of PPCPs were detected,the range of bulk concentration of PPCPs is from 41.98 to 1541.87 ng/L.34 species of PPCPs were detected in the Grand Canal in the summer samples,and 36 species in autumn,20 in lakes,27 in the Qiantang River,29 in the Huai River and 23 in the Haihe River.Erythromycin(ERY),carbamazepine(CBZ),ketoprofen(KTP),nonylphenol(NP),DEET and atrazine(ATZ)are detected in all samples.From south to north,the bulk PPCPs concentration in the shape of a wave along the Grand Canal,with the high level in the urban areas and low level in rural areas.Due to the difference of temperature,light intensity and precipitation in different seasons,the concentration of PPCPs in the Grand Canal differs notably in summer and autumn.In Autumn,the bulk concentration is significantly higher than in summer.Higher temperature,intenser sunlight and greater rainfall will be the main reasons why PPCPs concentration is lower in summer.However,for ATZ,opposed results were found.As a herbicide,ATZ is applied seasonally in aguiculture activities.In slack season,ATZ is applied less than in busy farming season.Lakes show a relative low level of PPCPs comtamination,with the range from 41.98 to 158.24 ng/L.Among all five lakes,Shaobo Lake(SB)and Gaoyou Lake(GY)show the lowest PPCPs level,and can be treated as background area with smaller population and less livestock and industrial production,while the Taihu Lake(TH)representing metropolitan and industrial type,Luoma Lake(LM)featuring urban and husbandry type and south Weishan Lake(WS)featuring rural and household sewage type.Each river characterizes differently.The Qiantang River(QT)holds the lowest PPCPs level,which is in range of 72.43?187.80 ng/L,average of 112.47 ng/L.Divided by the paper industry park,upstream features husbandry pollution source,while downstream featuring industrial pollution source.Antibiotics are the main comtaminants in the Huai River(HH),rendering it typical husbandry-pollution-source style.The Haihe River(HR)owns the severest status with the concentration from 177.52 to 502.24 ng/L and average of 317.54 ng/L,which represents typical urbanized mix type of pollution source.In spatial scales,the QT River features nonsingular-source pollution,while the Huai river featuring singular-source pollution,the Haihe river featuring urban source pollution.Applying lakes and rivers as fingerprint fragments for different kind of sources,statistical analysis results of all rivers and lakes data show that most of the samples from Grand Canal are effected by husbandry and household sewage,while the two ends by industry and sewage.Marker compounds as tracers were also found and confirmed.As a contrast medium,iopromide(IPM)is used only for diagnosis by CT systems.IPM appearing in natural waters indicates the contamination by hospital waste,and therefore it can be used as a tracer for urban hospital waste.Nonylphenol(NP)and bisphenol A(BPA)with high background value were detected in all samples.They are influenced largely by paper,garment and plastic industry.We assumed that samples with high NP and BPA levels are effected mainly by such industries,while those with background levels are mainly from sewage.Atrazine(ATZ)was also detected in all samples.As a herbicide,ATZ indicates agriculture activities.?-Lactams were detected occasionally,which implies fresh contaminants or landfill leachate.