Effects Of Dietary Protein Sources And Amino Acid Balance On Endogenous Amino Acid Losses?EAAL?in Broiler Chickens Administration The ¹⁵N-Leucine Single Injection Method

Endogenous amino acid losses accurate estimation is crucial in animals for determination of amino acids?AAs?requirements and true AAs digestibilities of dietary feedstuffs.Accurate feed formulation,ingredients selection and its utilization is very crucial in poultry birds for optimize performance and productions.The true AAs digestibilities of diets and dietary supplementations are influenced on EAAL in birds.There are various methods,used to estimate the accurate quantification of EAAL and nitrogen?N?losses,such as nitrogen free diet?NFD?,regression,fasting,and isotope dilution methods.However,all methods were provided only on basal EAAL,with limited in formations and lack of consistency.The determination of basal and specific EAAL,in poultry is essential for determination of apparent and true AAs digestibility of diet.Our research group is designed a new method for determination of EAAL and evaluation the true AAs digestibilities of diets.The proposed method name is(¹⁵N-Leucine single injection administration)in this practice the single muscular injection of¹⁵N-Leucine will be administered in poultry birds.The new technique is reliable,cost effective,and easy to apply with short duration procedure for determination of EAAL in birds.The previous procedure was isotope infusion,which was long duration,cost expensive,stressful for animals and traditional method.As compare to¹⁵N-Leucine single injection method is modified,optimized,simplified and easy to implement.In this method we assumed that the ratio of ¹⁵N-enrichment in endogenous leucine in excreta(¹⁵NLe)and free leucine in plasma(¹⁵NLp)remain relatively constant the poultry birds varying fed various protein containing diets.Our group's previous results and findings were significant on various CP levels fed 0 to 50 g kg-1 in birds.The importance of this technique is to estimate the correct value of¹⁵ NLe because it cannot be determined directly due to interference of dietary undigested leucine the ¹⁵ NLe is the key to evaluate this method.Moreover,in this new method¹⁵N-Leucine single injection method and previous ¹⁵N-isotop dilution method,both were used to determined endogenous losses of only labeled AA leucine.The method is support a relatively constant AA profile of total endogenous protein assumed to estimate the endogenous losses and true digestibility of fed diet.The study was conducted various experiments discussed below:1.The ¹⁵N-Leucine single injection administration,effects of dietary protein sources and amino acid balance on endogenous amino acid losses?EAAL?in Broiler ChickensThe 1st experimental trial it was conducted on EAAL and true AAs digestibility of ingredients are directly influenced on poultry bird's production and performance.The new technique ¹⁵N-Leucine single injection was proposed to determine the EAAL in cecectomized broiler chickens.Various dietary protein contents soya bean meal?SBM?and cotton seed meal?CSM?with amino acid?AA?balances were fed.This method is assumed that endogenous leucine in excreta and free leucine in plasma remain constant after ¹⁵N-Leucine single muscular injection in cecectomized birds.The experiment was conducted on EAAL in21 days old young;forty?40?male broilers were divided in to five?5?treatments,each treatment having eight?8?replication of one bird.The selected male broiler chickens were 1.5kg body weight.All birds surgically remove caecum and keep them 10 days still recover in normal condition.After recovery birds were force fed all formulated diets 50g/kg body,nitrogen free diet NFD,SBM and SBM+CSM with AAs balance and imbalances.After force feeding,all birds were injected ¹⁵N-leucine single muscular injection 20mg/kg body weight then collected blood after 24 h,and excreta continuing 48 hours as¹⁵N-Leucine labeled samples.The ratio of ¹⁵N-enrichment of leucine ¹⁵ NLp and ¹⁵ NLex were significantly?P<0.001?higher 0.311,0.293 and 0.309,0.273 in AA imbalance diets.The AA balance diets¹⁵ NLp and¹⁵NLex were lower 0.254,0.267 and 0.204,0.232,respectively.The¹⁵ NLcm were find significantly difference?P<0.001?between all treatments.The contribution of¹⁵NLe0/¹⁵NLp0 and ¹⁵NLcm/¹⁵ NLp were significant?P<0.001?difference between treatments.Endogenous amino acid losses EAAL were higher in AA imbalance diets significantly?P<0.001?then balance diets the total AAs were 28144.61,24369.11 and 19333.17,22992.82mg/kg DMI,respectively.It is demonstrated that ¹⁵N-Leucine single injection techniques is effective and appropriate to measurement the EAAL in cecectomized broiler chickens.2.Effects of dietary protein sources and amino acid balance on intestinal morphology,permeability and growth performance in broiler chickensThe 2nd trail was purely on growth analysis dietary feed supplementation directly influenced on intestinal morphology,permeability,growth performance and production in poultry birds because of ingredients digestibility and required diet formulations are enhance performance.Its desire to make an ideal and digestible feed for poultry according on birds requirements,broilers,layers,turkeys,poults and breeders.The present study is design to offer the various sources of protein,SBM and CSM at age of 21 days old to 42 days.The total?n=520?day-old broiler chickens were purchased from local market at Xian,Shaanxi Zhengda Co.,Ltd,China.In present experiment we used SBM and CSM sources as protein sources with digestible AAs various concentrations.The AAs balance and imbalance in broiler chickens diet,targeting the growing phase is desired to analyze intestinal morphology,permeability and performance,by adding rich sources of protein SBM and CSM with digestible AA dietary supplementation,two factors were considered AA balanced and protein sources.The finding of results demonstrated that dietary treatments SBMB and SBM+CSMB were significant?P<0.05?increases in intestinal villus height as compared to SBMI and SBM+CSMI diets,moreover in morphological findings the height of villus,width of villus and crypt depth were significant among all treatments.However the thickness of mucosal membrane was similar in treatments.Intestinal permeability was?P<0.05?increased in SBMI and SBM+CSMI treatments.The amino acid balance diets were raise growth performance increases DFI,DWG and progress in FCR because of digestible AAs in fed diets.The conclusion indicated that feeding efficiency of broiler chickens were improved on 21 to 42 days of age with digestible dietary balanced AAs,and it's demonstrated that SBM is very affective in enhancing intestinal physiology and growth performance.SBMB diets are significantly illustrated the villus heights absorption and transportation by increasing their sizes in respective treatments.3.Dietary supplementation of various protein sources SBM and CSM ingredients are influenced on endogenous amino acid losses?EAAL?in broiler chickensThis 3rd experiment was conducted on feed ingredients which are influenced on endogenous losses and its flow on dietary supplementation in poultry.The protein sources soybean meal?SBM?and cotton seed meal?CSM?are formulated to minimize the endogenous amino acid losses in chicks.SBM and CSM were designed amino acid balance and imbalance with nitrogen free diet?NFD?in broiler chickens 21 day old to 42 days age.The chicks were assigned 1.5kg body weight into 5 treatments;each treatment was 8replications with 4 birds.The flow of essential AAs?Arg,His,Ile,Leu,Lys,Phe,Thr,Val?was significantly?P<0.001?increased in balance diets SBMB and SBM+CSMB.Whereas non essential AAs were increased?Asp,Glu,Gly?,but?Ala,Cys,Pro,Ser?were estimated maybe low or average ratios.The total flow of ileal AAs were statistically increased significantly?P<0.001?,10.609 a,10.626 a,10.787 a,9.752 b and 5.329 c.The regression analysis and feeding NFD were significantly?P<0.001?increased among the treatments.The Ileal Endogenous amino acid?IEAA?flow in caecectomised broiler chickens were significantly increased?P<0.001?by various dietary protein supplementation 39427.12 a,32801.62 b,16613.68 d,19366.73 c and 2004.35 e,respectively.The results are suggested that NFD and imbalance diets were observed lower flow of AAs but in balance diets SBM and CSM were increased total flow of endogenous amino acids?EAAs?.These output are demonstrated that relatively high apparent amino acid digestibility coefficients was find in balance diets maybe the results of a significantly high level of endogenous amino acid flow.4.Ileal amino acid digestibility influenced on dietary supplementation of various protein sources and ingredients in broiler chickensThe 4thexperiment was investigated the ileal amino acid digestibility?IAAD?in broilersThe ingredients proper analysis and evaluation desire to measure the considerable amount oileal amino acid?AA?flow and amino acid digestibility.Ileal amino acid digestibility,directlproportional on feed formulation,ingredient selection and feeding various feed stuffs.Thexperiment was carried out to evaluate the Ileal amino acid digestibility influenced by dietarsupplementation of various protein sources and ingredients in broiler chickens.A total(n=160healthy commercial broilers age 21 days old and 1.5kg body weight were assigned to 5treatments,each treatment having 8 replications with 4 birds.The SBM and CSM diets werevaluated in 21 to 42 days of broiler chickens.All treatments were analyzed dietary AA and CP?N × 6.25?contents?DM basis?.The results find that the total concentrations of AAmg/kg in excreta,the essential AAs?Met and Thr?concentration were decreases(P<0.001 among the groups,whereas?Ile,Lys,Val and Leu?concentrations were increases significantl?P<0.001?between all treatments,respectively.However in non-essential AAs the?Try?waincreases but the?Ala,Cys and Ser?were decreases?P<0.001?among the groups.Thconcentrations of TAA were found highly significant?P>0.001?in treatments as 436.488407.542,252.059 and 260.066 mg/kg,respectively.The results showed that the balance dietof SBMB and SBM+CSMB were higher flow of TAAs and AAs concentrations.The total flow of AIAAD was estimated 58.99,46.47,36.03 and 42.39% significantly?P>0.001?between altreatments.True ileal amino acid digestibility %?TIAAD?was estimated highly significan?P>0.001?among the groups,the balance diets true amino acid digestibility were higher than imbalance diets fed in broiler chickens.It was demonstrated that the formulated diets can reduce or maintain IAAD and TAA flow in birds,the conclusion show that all balance dietwere increased TAA flow but imbalance diet was lower than balance diets.The all experimental trials were analyzed based on EAAL in broiler chickens to optimize with various techniques,including proposed new isotope method,various protein diets with SBM and CSM as sole protein source were fed.The AA balance and imbalanced were used to more clarify our objectives and assumptions.The cecectomized broiler chickens were used in all experimental trails,because of correct calculation of AAs and amino acid digestibility of fed diets.Two protein sources were used SBM and CSM for EAAL estimation and true AAs digestibilities of ingredients.Morphological study and AAs balance and imbalance were conducted to more clarify our findings that our recommended protein sources?SBM+CSM?as a desire diets for broiler production and performance.