Comparative Study On Grazing Ecology In Typical Steppe Between China And Mongolia Of Mongolian Plateau

The typical steppe of Chinese Inner Mongolia and Mongolia were both belong to Mongolia plateau.Its natural landform,vegetation characteristics were similar,and the nomadic traditional history had continued over for thousands years.The nomadic production was still keep main mode of production in Mongolia.But in Inner Mongolia,it changed to Settled grazing for 30 years,the meadows were divided by fences,and the nomads gradually disappear.Which grazing system is more in line with the sustainable development and environmental protection of the steppe ecosystem in Mongolia plateau?It is an important problem for grassland animal husbandry in Mongolia plateau.Therefore,it has great theoretical and practical significance to compare the effects of different grazing systems and different grazing intensities on steppe vegetation ecology in typical steppe between Mongolia and Chinese Inner Mongolia.In this study,a comparative study of the typical steppe grazing including the settled grazing and two season grazing of Inner Mongolia and the settled grazing and four seasons nomadic of Mongolia were conducted.The main results were as follows:1.Comparison results of grazing intensity of different grazing systems in Typical Steppe of China and Mongolia:Chinese Inner Mongolia typical steppe to settle on the severe over grazing area(58.95%)was significantly higher than that of Mongolia’s.nomadic steppe(14.89%);Mongolia’s moderate grazing and under grazing area(74.47%)was significantly higher than that of Chinese Inner Mongolia(12.63%).The average overgrazing rate of typical steppe in Inner Mongolia was significantly higher than that of the typical steppe in Mongolia.2.Difference of effects of grazing patterns on vegetation characteristics in typical steppe of China and Mongolia:The degree of steppe degradation in Inner Mongolia was much higher than that in Mongolia.In Nomadic Monglian steppe,its were significantly higher than that of Inner Mongolian steppe,those were the total coverage(60.40%),the total species coverage(64.85%),the base coverage(37.64%),the withered grass coverage(27.77%),the heading rate(12.61%),the plant numbers(183.44/m2),the grass yield(249.21 gFW/m2)and the species number(18.73/m2).Among them,the base coverage,the withered grass coverage,and the gravel coverage were very significant,which can be used as an important index of steppe degradation.No significant difference in between China and Mongolian steppe at the reproductive Shoot and the vegetative shoot height,in view of the influence of factors such as grazing and climate,Its should not be used as evaluation index of steppe degradation.3.Effects of different grazing system on biodiversity(life form and water ecoform)in communities of typical steppe in China and Mongolia:The Mongolian typical steppe community had more species number of perennial than that in Inner Mongoli typical steppe communities.However,Chinese typical steppe communities had annuals and biennial species more than Mongolian steppe.Mongolia’s nomadic grazing vegetation communities of perennial and biennial plant species were significantly higher than that of two season grazing steppe in Inner Mongolia,but the annual species was significantly lower than that of Inner Mongolia.The water ecoform of Mongolian steppe which was settled or nomadic grazing had Xerophyted,Intermediate xerads,Intermediate mesophytes,Mesophtyes and Hygrophytes species more than that in Inner Mongolia steppe which under settled grazing or tow season grazing.The nomadic mode of Mongolia was more stable than the settled grazing in Inner Mongolia,which helps to maintain the biodiversity and stability of community species.4.Results of study on characteristics of vegetation communities in typical steppe of China and Mongolia under water resource for grazing:The drinking water point of Inner Mongolia settled pasture was relatively fixed with the use of groundwater resources,and the damage degree of grassland trampling was higher than that of Mongolia.The total coverage of vegetation communities(38.49%),and the base coverage(18.43%),and the withered grass coverage(10.00%)in Inner Mongolia which using the underground wator were significantly lower than those all in Mongolian pasture which using the surface water corresponding to the total coverage of vegetation communities(53.70%),and the base coverage(34.14%),and the withered grass coverage(19.75%).The coverage of gravel(21.93%)of settled pasture in Mongolia was significantly lower than that in Inner Mongolia pastrue(32.76%).5.Study on effects of grazing system on community nutrient characteristics in typical steppe of Mongolia and china:The total nitrogen(0.28g kg-1 DW)in the typical steppe of Chinese Inner Mongolia and Mongolia(0.26g· kg-1 DW)had no significant difference;but the total phosphorus and the total potassium content(2.23 and 0.75g · kg-1DW)were significantly higher than that of Mongolia(1.19 and 0.47 g · kg-1DW);also the sugar content(33.32 g · kg-1DW),chlorophyll content(2.64 g · kg-1DW)and carotene content(0.70 g · kg-1DW)were significantly higher than that of Mongolia(18.41,1.51 and 0.41 g · kg-1DW).There were significant differences in the effects of grazing,grazing intensity and grazing distance to water source on the nutritional characteristics of the main plants in typical steppe.There were significantly differences on nutritional between settled grazing and the two season rotational grazing in Inner Mongolia.But the effect of Mongolia’s nomadic grazing based on the nutrition characteristics of steppe communities was not obvious.6.Effects of grazing on the soil nutrient characteristics in typical steppe of China and Mongolia:The grazing systems,grazing intensity and water distance had no significant influence on soil nutrient content and proportion in Typical Steppe of Mongolia,which was mainly nomadic in the four seasons.In the typical steppe of Inner Mongolia,grazing systems,grazing intensity and water distance had great influence.There were significant differences in nutrient characteristics of surface soil between typical steppe in China and Mongolia.The contents of N,P and K in the soil of Inner Mongolia(0.62 g·kg-1,0.23 g · kg-1,6.66 g · kg-1 g ·kg-1)were significantly lower than those in Mongolia(14.97 g · kg-1,0.45 g · kg-1,8.69 g · kg-1).7.Effects of Different Grazing Methods on characteristics of soil seed banks in typical steppe vegetation in Mongolia and china:The total soil seed bank density(3098.92 grain ·m-2)in Mongolia was significantly higher than that of typical grassland in China(2492.29 grain ·m-2).In four seasons nomadic in Mongolia typical pasture soil seed bank density(3122.26 grain · m-2)was significantly higher than that of Inner Mongolia in the two season rotational grazing(1578.55 grain · m-2);The seed bank density(11963.03 grain · m-2)of Mongolian natural cutting grassland was significantly higher than that of Inner Mongolia grassland(2350.73 grain · m-2);Inner Mongolia settled grazing pastuer in typical steppe soil seed density(1643.41 grain · m-2)was significantly higher than that in Mongolia settled grazing pasture seed density(3207.66 grain ·m-2).8.Ecological difference of different grazing systems in Mongolia Plateau:Since China Inner Mongolia settled grazing,the grassland biological food chain fracture,blocked complementary fusion material flow,reduced the stability of grassland biodiversity,grassland ecosystem was managed by fragmentation,breaking the balance of the development of the grassland ecological system,all these was not conducive to the restoration of natural pasture ecosystem ecological damage.While the Mongolia nomadic system instead,continue to transform mobile grazing patterns to adapt to climate change and topographic features,and plant community characteristics,to maintain the integrity and sustainable utilization of typical steppe ecosystem in Mongolia plateau.The nomadic system on the Mongolia plateau had its unique social and natural attributes,with its rigorous scientific and ecological value.In the future,we should pay attention to the systematic study of the nomadic system of Mongolia,carry forward its ecological value and combine modern technology for developing the intelligent nomadic system of Mongolia.