| The arid valley of Jinsha River and Lancang River in Shangri-la located in the Tibetan areas of Longitudinal Range Gorge Region(LRGR)of eastern Himalayas.In the 19 th century,French missionaries brought in viticulture and winemaking,through hundred years expansion gradually,especially the planting structure adjustment in recent years,wine grapes grown throughout the arid valley,preliminary form new plateau of wine region.However,the region is located at remote mountainous area,inconvenient transportation and tough environment led to underdevelopment and no in-depth system research.This thesis systematically conducted Shangri-la arid valley with their habitat characteristics,wine grape growth,production characters of main wine grape varieties and quality characters,which will provide a scientific basis for development of wine industry in this area.The main results and innovations are as follows:1.The habitat conditions of wine grape planted were investigated in the arid valley of Shangri-La for the first time.In this thesis,habitat conditions related wine grape cultivation had been explicated through 2 years meteorological data from 10 vineyards combined with the surrounding meteorological station data for many years.The results of representative site in A'dong village showed: 1)prominently drought climate characteristics.The annual average rainfall is 298.8-596 mm,931~1 157 mm of annual average evaporation;11.5~18.1 of annual average range temperature with highest of 30.7~46.7? and lowest of-6.9?;effective accumulation temperature 1 086~2 647.7 OC;annual sunshine time of 2 397~4 869hr;annual ultraviolet radiation of 602-1 290 W.m-2.2)Typical sand soil.2~2.5 g.cm-3 of bulk density,6.4~48.5% of rock content,30.7~80.1% of sand,nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium were optimum;And the content of mineral elements of calcium and magnesium,copper,zinc,iron,manganese,boron,sulfur is rich.3)High air quality level(AQI 26).Air pressure is low(766-800 h Pa).CO2 concentration is 0.02~0.04%.O2 concentration is low(19.7~20.3%).High air cleanliness and less pollution reached the first level of air quality.4)The first standard of water.Irrigation water for vineyard is snow melt water,lower COD(8.46~47.86 mg.L-1)and BOD(3.26~57.9 mg.L-1)respectively,the pollution of organic compounds and Coliforms is low,Ascaris eggs were not detected.The habitat conditions are suitable for wine grapes growing,but the factors of complex geological structure of valley,high land fragmentation,geographical barrier,traffic inconvenience,and long valley and elevation span constraining the development of wine industry are also prominent.2.The growth and quality characteristics of wine grape in the arid valley of Shangri-La were studied by 2 years fixed sites experiment.The results of variety Cabernet showed in the village of Bucun.1)Long growth period.It will take 183 d from sprout to harvest,which is 18 d and 12 d longer than that of Penglai in Shandong and Xichang in Sichuan,respectively.2)Long ripening period.It will take 92 days from fruit verasion to harvest,44 d and 30 d longer compared with Penglai and Xichang.3)Low incidence of grape diseases and pests.Downy mildew and powdery mildew occur occasionally in some years,and the rate of incidence was lower,the other diseases and pests occurred rarely.4)Smaller fruit.The average berry diameter were 9.25 mm and 8.26 mm,smaller than 3.99 mm and 3.60 mm that of Penglai.5)High berry quality.The ratio of sugar and acid of 58.27,reducing sugar content of 390.86 g.L-1,and anthocyanin content of 1.56 mg.g-1,were respectively higher than that of Penglais' and Xichangs',which were 40.07 and 23.61,208.88 g.L-1 and 173.88 g.L-1,0.87 mg.g-1 and 0.48 mg.g-1,respectively.The other substances such as amino acids,phenols also had greater difference.The results of this studied further indicate the suitability for developing high quality wine grape industry in Shangri-La arid valley.3.The production characteristics of the main wine grape varieties in the arid valley of Shangri-La were observed.Geography characteristics in the valley formed higher altitude gradient,bigger regions barrier,and remarkable microenvironment difference.The traits of production and quality for main wine grape varieties were studied,and the results showed as follows: 1)Variety Rose Honey in the 2200 m of central valley show high quality production,while lower in the edge of the 1860 m and 2800 m Valley because of high rainfall and low temperature.2)Variety Cabernet Sauvignon were studied at the altitude of 2000 m,2235m and 2635 m.They all performed very high quality production and good adaptation,especially excellent performance at 2235 m and 2635 m.3)Variety Chardonnay was observed at 2200 m,2635m and 2800 m.Chardonnay in 2200 m showed good quality traits,while worse performance at 2800 m.The results further indicated the matching of habitat and characteristics of grape varieties in the arid valley of Shangri-la,which will provide scientific basis for the formation of wineries(Chateaus)if characteristics of grape quality were given full play.4.The relationship between the yield and the quality of wine grape in arid valley of Shangri-La were explained.The thesis studied the relationship between the clusters per plant(8,12,16,and 24)and yield and quality for Cabernet Sauvignon in the same field conditions.The results showed that yield increased with the increase of cluster,cluster weight and berries' dry weight decreased with the yield increased,and the quality such as reducing sugar content,flavonoid content,and anthocyanin content decreased significantly with yield increase.This study further showed that yield control is important step to improve the quality of wine grape.It is the first time to systematically identify the habitat conditions of wine grape planted in the arid valley of Shangri-La,demonstrate wine grape growth and quality characteristics in Shangri-La Arid Valley,proved the main wine grape cultivation traits for wine production coordinated with habitat conditions,and experimental verified yield control is an important step to improve the quality of the wine grape in arid valley.The results of this thesis not only provide important scientific data for wine industrial development in Tibetan inhabited areas,but also formed planning for developing Chateau wine industry in Shangri-La arid valley according to local complex geological structure,fragmentary land,high altitude barrier,and habitat diversity. |
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