The Study Of U.S.Policy Toward Black Africa:1940to The Late Of1960's

With the United States had become the number one ecomomic power,it either started to join the way to go foward overseas expansion since the late of19th century.Black Africa has been the treasury of resources in the world,and U.S. had been having a strong desire to it,but in the face to this reality that it had been completely partitioned by the European powers,U.S. could not intervene in it at all,and undoubtfully U.S. was the latecomer of the western powers in the expansion to Black Africa.The outburst of World War II supplied an historical opportunity for U.S. to intervene in Black Africa.From1940's to the late of1960's,U.S.fmally achieved the goal of comprehensively intervening in Black Africa through development and change that had experienced more than twenty years.U.S.was an outsider of the African affairs before WW?,but U.S.had become one of the leading roles when the time got into1960's,and U.S.had gained the goal of opening the door of Black Africa which it had had before the war.But the United States had experienced one developing process that was in full of zigzag and complicated in the course of intervening in Black Africa.To sum up this course might be divided into four stages.The first stage was the duration of WWII,when the war started,because Britain and France and other metropolitans were seeking the aid form U.S.for the sake of anti-facist war,it made U.S.achieve the brilliant way to intervene Black Africa.On military side,U.S.had supplied all kinds of aircrafts and military goods to China?Soviet Union and Britain through an air transportation route of trans Black Africa at war time.Moreover,metropolitans developed the positive cooperation with U.S.on the issue of supplying industrial materials for the need of the military industrial production of U.S.when it joined in the war.and it had made U.S.built a closely military connection with Black Africa.On economic side,the economic force of U.S.positively drove economic infiltration into Black Africa by taking advantage of the door of Black Africa opend to U.S.by the metropolitans for the sake of seeking the assistance from U.S.when the war staeted.thereby it made the economic connections between U.S.and Africa achieved remarkable rise.But the economic infiltration of U.S.to Africa had caused the discontent and boycott of Britain?France and other metropolitans,there were a series of serious conflicts among them in Black Africa. On political side,Rossevelt's administration positively promoted decolonization of colonial Black Africa during the early days when U.S.joined the war,and it attempted to collapse the colonial system of the European powers with the help of the issue of decolonization,in order to replace them by U.S.But in the late of war,out of the thinking of containing the Soviet Union in post-war,the attitude of U.S.on the issue of decolonization turned to negative way for the need of U.S.-European cooperation about anti-Soviet.The second stage started from the end of war to the early days of1950's.U.S.realized successfully intervening in Black Africa for the sake of WWII,and the Truman's administration continued the Rossevelt's policy of intervention.With the starting of the cold war,for the need of the cooperation between U.S.and allies during the cold war,U.S.had gone foward a way on the balance between Europe and Africa.On the sensitive issues of decolonization of colonial Black Africa and the apartheid of South Africa,U.S.had adopted a consevertive policy to support the metropolitans and the white regime of South Africa.But for the economic expansion,the Truman' administration positively had strengthened the economic infiltration to Black Africa,U.S.forced Britain and France to make an important concession to U.S.on the side of multi-lateral liberal trade through supplying the loans to them as the exchanging requirement,and it permitted U.S.weakend successfully the economic limitation that the metropolitans had done it before.In addition to,the Point Four Porgram had been applied to Africa by U.S.too,but it was different with others,the Point Four Program was applied in Black Africa more for economic goal.The application of Point Four Program mainly was applied for enlarging the market of Africa by U.S,but it finally could not achieve more achievement because of the difference of benefits between U.S.and Europe.In addition to this,for the strategic need of the cold war,U.S.positively tried to draw Ethiopia over to its side,and supplied strongly military aid to it,and it could make Ethiopia become a hard fortress that would defence the route on the Red Sea and Black Africa in order to prevent communist penetration.The third stage was during from mid to late of1950's,during the early days of Eisenhower's administration,for the sake of the consolidation of the cold war strategy of U.S for anti-Soviet and anti-communism.it could make U.S.completely think its Africa policy through the logic of the cold war.On the issue of decolonization,for the need of the cold war,U.S.still persistantly supported metropolitans.In addition to,on the issue of apartheid of South Africa,even if the Eisenhower's administration publicly was not partial to South Africa's administration not as Truman's but it still adopted a concealed and consevertive method to be partial to South Africa.But to the late of Eisenhower'administration,for the sake of the rise of national independent wave of Black Africa,the decolonization had become a great tendency,and it drove U.S.to fall into the hesitatement between Europe and Afrca.Moreover, U.S.quickly penetrated to it after Ghana's independence,but for the sake of taking into consideration about the cooperation among allies during the cold war, U.S. therefore,played a limited policy of intervenement that later had been proved unsuccessful on the issue of intervening in Ghana.But there was a strong difference with the political situation, on the economic side,the economic connections between U.S.and Africa had gained rise strongly during1950's.Although the Eisenhower's administration was so consevertive on the political issues, it continued the positive enterprise from Truman on the issue of economic infiltration.Because of the artificial economic barricades of the metropolitans had been weakened,it could make U.S.achieve great progress on the side of trade and investment.Moreover,because the Eisenhower's administration thought highly of the containment to communist penetration in Africa when the high tide of the cold war had come,on the issue of supplying the military aid to Ethiopia,U.S.played a positive role for it.U.S.strongly helped Ethiopia and made it become the hard fortress for anti-communism in the Horn of Africa for the sake of the thinking of that U.S.prevented the communist penetration to Ethiopiathat that might be through the Muslim protesters.The Fourth stage was from the early days of1960's to the end, with the collapse of European colonial empire after1960,U.S.had got the opportunity of taking advantage of it.The Kennedy and Johnson's administration either hold the chance in good time,and positively comprehensively intervened in Black Africa.For being partial to the African people,U.S.had changed the consevertive attitude that was been done in the past,and turned to adopt a positive policy to support self-governmenting.But U.S.had adjusted its attitude on the issue of apartheid of South Africa,started to carry out a limited pressuer policy on it.Moreover, the Kennedy and Johnson's administration excluded metropolitans and contained the Soviet Union for building U.S.advantagous position in Black Africa.U.S.took advantage of the economic barricades during the past made by the metropolitans had vanished,and did comprehensively economic infiltration to Black Africa,so that it had driven U.S.into an economic competitation with western European countries. But both Kennedy and Johnson had not ignored the cold war,when Soviet started to penetrate to Africa,U.S.confronted with Soviet Union through assisting the Black African nations and directly intervening in the hot topic district for being sure that the Black Africa would stand on the same side with the West. And to the end of1960's,because the economic and political position of U.S.in Africa had risen comprehensively, U.S.had completed the goal that was from an outsider to the leading role.But because of the value of Black Africa on political and economic sides were so limited to the key benefits of U.S.and western European nations' traditional influence had been continuing existing. Finally,there was a situation coming,that U.S.and Europe jointly hold the fate of Black Africa on political and economic sides.