The Current Situation And Recent Trend Of The Surveillance System Of Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance In Animal Origin In China

Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria of animal origin has been a public health problem in the world,which is a highly concerned domestic and foreign issue.It has become increasingly urgent issue to be settled in both veterinary and human health field.Antimicrobial resistance monitoring systems have been successively established in many developed countries,which already played a positive role on rational use of antibacterial agents and improving the situation of antimicrobial resistance of bacteria.This study systematically reviewed the current situation of antimicrobial resistance surveillance in China and investigated the experience of antimicrobial resistance surveillance in developed countries such as Denmark and the United States.Based on these researches,the existing issue of antimicrobial resistance surveillance in China were analyzed and then some corresponding solutions were raised.The antimicrobial resistance surveillance data of Salmonella,Staphylococcus aureus,and Escherichia coli of animal origin obtained in China from 2008 to 2014 have been compared with those in Denmark and the United States.The results indicate that antimicrobial resistance of bacteria has become a serious problem in China and the antimicrobial resistant patterns are different among bacteria isolated from different animals.The resistance rates of 1992 Salmonella against nine classes of 13 antimicrobials show that the antimicrobial resistance was more frequently found in swine isolates than chicken isolates.Salmonella strains isolated from swine showed high resistance to tetracycline,sulfonamides,and ampicillin,but with low resistance to ceftiofur,while Salmonella strains isolated from chicken were highly resistant to polymyxin E and sulfonamides,but susceptible to ofloxacin and florfenicol.The resistance rates of 1638 Staphylococcus aureus against eight classes of 13 antimicrobials show that swine and bovine isolates exhibited the highest resistance rates to(3-lactams,and showed moderate resistance rates to macrolides and sulfonamides,while the isolates were susceptible to cephalosporins such as cefoxitin and ceftiofur,and glycopeptides such as vancomycin.The resistance rates of 18805 E.coli isolates against nine classes of 13 antimicrobials show that swine and chicken isolates exhibited the highest resistance rates to sulfonamides,tetracyclines,and P-lactams,and showed moderate resistance rates to florfenicol fluoroquinolones,while the isolates were susceptible to cephalosporins and polymyxin.The resistance rates to tetracycline,ampicillin and sulfonamides of Salmonella isolates from swine and E.coli isolates from swine and chicken has increased year by year from 2008 to 2013 in Denmark.The antimicrobial resistance rates of Salmonella isolates from swine has decreased each year from 2008 to 201 1 in the United States,while the antimicrobial resistance rates of E.coli isolates from chicken were stable.However,the resistance rates to tetracycline,ampicillin and sulfonamides of E.coli isolates from swine and chicken were kept on high levels in China and did not show significant change.The variation trend of the resistance rates to different classes of antibiotics was similar in Denmark,U.S.,and China,but the antimicrobial resistance rates of Salmonella and E.coli isolates originated from animals in China were always kept on high levels,comparing to those of Denmark and U.S.In order to learn the practices and experiences of monitoring antimicrobial resistance of bacteria from developed countries,the antimicrobial resistance monitoring systems of bacteria in Denmark,the United States,Australia,and Canada were chosen as the representatives and to compared.The result indicated that although the antimicrobial resistance monitoring systems has been implemented in many countries,only a few countries have a national monitoring network and could regularly and timely report on the trends of antibiotic resistance and drug use.The scope and scale of these monitoring systems are different amongst above mentioned countries.Antimicrobial resistance surveillance systems have been collaborated in many countries at regional,national and international levels.The antimicrobial resistance of bacterial isolated from chicken,swine,and bovine was monitored in most countries,while antimicrobial resistance of turkey isolates was even monitored in U.S.and Denmark.The monitoring of antimicrobial resistance is based on two categories of bacteria:zoonotic bacteria and indicator bacteria,such as Salmonella,Campylobacter,E.coli,and Enterococcus,etc.The United States adjusts the monitoring types of antibiotics each year depending on the trends of antimicrobial resistance.In 2010,the monitoring antibiotics of Salmonella were 16 kinds.Twenty-nine kinds of antimicrobial agents are monitored in Denmark,and 18 kinds of antimicrobial agents are included for Salmonella.Based on the comparisons of the resistance status of bacteria of animal origin and the antimicrobial resistance monitoring systems among the United States,Denmark,and China,it could be concluded that the antibiotic resistance of China poses a serious threat to public health and safety,especially that Salmonella and E.coli show remarkable resistance to clinically important antibiotics such as ?-lactams,tetracyclines,and sulfonamides.Antimicrobial resistance surveillance system in China was implemented relatively late.Although some improvement has been made in recent years,there are gaps in the monitoring scope,regional cooperation,funding,and management system,and so on,compared with those of developed countries.Based on the situation of antimicrobial resistance of bacteria of animal origin in China,combined with the experience of developed countries,it is suggested that sound laws and regulations of antimicrobial resistance monitoring system need to be established,the management and monitoring functions sh ould b e implemented,the monitoring network should be optimized,the monitoring plans need to be scientifically developed,of the monitoring results need to be correctly used,and the funding for monitoring should be ensured,and so on.These findings provide basic and theoretical data for antimicrobial resistance surveillance,rational usage of antibiotics,promoting animal husbandry,and ensuring food safety.