Study On Mechanism Of Active Component Released By Solid-state Fermentation Of Wheat Bran

Wheat bran contains a wide variety of phenolic acids,including ferulic acid,vanillic acid,coumaric acid,caffeic acid,and chlorogenic acid.Solid-state fermentation?SSF?can effectively degrade wheat bran and release the active components such as phenolic acid.In this study,SSF with Aspergillus niger,Aspergillus oryzae,and Aspergillus awamori was tested at a humidity of 70%and temperature of 28°C.Changes in phenolic acid,enzyme activity,and microbiology of wheat bran were screened for 7 days after fermentation.The dominant fungus A.niger Y-9 released up to 416.6?g ferulic acid/g wheat bran;the strain was identified by the Guang Dong Detection Center of Microbiology and the homology of A.niger was 98.77%.To increase phenolic acid release,the wheat bran was pretreated with Na₂CO₃,and then a neutralization reaction was carried out using HCl solution.Pretreatment of wheat bran increased ferulic acid release by approximately 25%to 589.62±10.33?g ferulic acid/g wheat bran.Ferulic acid released from A.niger Y-9 solid wheat bran showed a higher ORAC value of 34.22±1.76 mmol TE/g,which was significantly higher than that of ordinary ferulic acid with a value of 23.77±2.03 mmol TE/g.The EC₅₀ value of ferulic acid in wheat bran fermented by A.niger was 6.74±0.003?mol,which was lower than the ferulic acid standard value of 7.91±0.003?mol.Additionally,the CAA value of ferulic acid in wheat bran fermented by A.niger Y-9 was 79.6±0.026?M QE/100?mol ferulic acid,which was higher than that of the ferulic acid standard with a value of 59.8±0.031?M QE/100?mol.Additionally,free ferulic acid has significant anti-inflammatory activity.After RAW 264.7cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and ferulic acid?FA?,the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors nitric acid,interleukin-6,and tumor necrosis factor-?were significantly decreased?p<0.05?,indicating that FA has anti-inflammatory effects.The red blood cell hemolysis rate of human red blood cells was significantly decreased after treatment with FA and 2,2?-azobis?2-amidinopropane?AAPH?p<0.05?.At 100?M FA,the morphology of red blood cells was mostly restored to the normal state,indicating that FA was associated with cell hemolysis caused by AAPH.FA significantly down-regulated reactive oxygen species levels that had been increased by erythrocyte damage?p<0.05?;additionally,the expression of antioxidant enzymes?catalase,superoxide dismutase,and glutathione-peroxidase?was significantly decreased in erythrocytes?p<0.05?,indicating that FA effectively reduced AAPH-induced red blood cells.In the solid-state fermentation of a filamentous fungus that is highly efficient in degrading wheat bran,a new compound,B-W,was detected.The molecular weight of the compound was 222 Da and the molecular formula was C₁₁H₁₉BN₂O₂.This boron-containing nitrogen-rich ester compound has the formula:C₁₁H₁₉BN₂O₂,English full name:?5E,9E,11E?-3,4-dimethyl-7-oxa-3,6-diaza-5-boratrideca-5,9,11-trien-8-one.We investigated the activity of vanillic acid,ferulic acid,and N-M?not matched phenolic acids?,which were separated from wheat bran by three different methods after solid-state fermentation of A.niger.These experiments were designed to explore the effects of these components on the germination rate and cold resistance of tomato seeds.The results showed that N-M,ferulic acid,and vanillic acid,as well as p-coumaric acid in the mixture,were involved in promoting the germination of non-transgenic tomato seeds.Their relative effects on the vigor index of tomato seedlings were as follows:N-M>mixture>ferulic acid?vanillic acid,with values of 1596.30,1460.89,1295.55,and 1256.36,respectively.Comparison of the results of the stress-mediated mixture,N-M,ferulic acid,and vanillic acid with the blank group indicated that all four components were involved in reducing the damage caused by the low-temperature stress response of plants.