Research On Rural Landscape Vulnerability In Cold Area

Village is the regional complex with natural,social and economic characteristics,which is the important living space for human beings.The contradiction between unbalanced and inadequate development and the people's ever-growing needs for a better life is most prominent in the countryside,which is the key point of construction for a long time at present and in the future.In the process of rapid urbanization,China has realized the huge impact of urban-rural dualization on rural areas.The disorderly expansion of urban construction land and blind pursuit of economic growth have led to deterioration of ecological environment,serious environmental pollution,fragmentation of ecological land and loss of traditional culture.These problems have seriously threatened the sustainable development of rural areas,and are mainly reflected in the degradation of rural ecological landscape,the fragmentation of land landscape pattern and homogenization of settlements landscape.This makes the traditional rural planning which emphasizes material space construction difficult to meet the construction needs of beautiful countryside under the guidance of ecological operation mechanism in the new era,and forces rural landscape research to pay more attention to resource co-ordination and spatial control.The report of the Nineteenth National Congress proposed that the socialist countryside with Chinese characteristics should integrate rural vitalization with poverty alleviation and the construction of beautiful countryside,so as to improve the rural environmental from the relationship between human and land.In the critical period of promoting rural development in China,how to scientifically judge the main source of rural landscape problems,how to measure the severity of rural landscape problems,how to determine the key factors causing rural landscape problems,and how to select appropriate rural landscape planning methods are the important topics to be solved urgently at this stage.In view of the above problems,on the basis of long-term investigation on the rural landscape in cold areas,the paper proposes that vulnerability is the research point of complex rural landscape problems,and deeply analyses the vulnerability characteristics,influencing factors and generating mechanism of rural natural environment landscape,settlement landscape,economic landscape and cultural landscape,and finds out the elements,dimensions and fuction rules.In order to further clarify the temporal and spatial variability of rural landscape vulnerability,the paper constructs the evaluation index system of rural landscape vulnerability.Through the evaluation of rural landscape vulnerability in Heilongjiang Province from 2008 to 2017,the temporal and spatial evolution law of vulnerability in county and village dimensions and the evolution trend of main vulnerability factors are clarified.Based on this,the classification criteria of rural landscape vulnerability factors are formulated.In order to effectively cope with the rural landscape vulnerability in cold regions,the paper introduces the concept of resilience as opposed to vulnerability and planning thinking,and puts forward a rural resilience planning model focusing on evolutionary development and integrated planning of human and land resources.Considering the lack and demand of rural landscape construction guidance in the current rural planning in cold regions,this paper puts forward a method of classifying vulnerable types of rural landscape based on cluster analysis,and a "universal + principal factor" planning mode.Taking Heilongjiang Province as an example,it puts forward specific planning strategies for its county dimension and village dimension unit.The main contents of this paper include basic theory and field research,vulnerability generation mechanism,vulnerability assessment and resilience planning coping with vulnerability.In the basic theory research,the paper systematically explains the natural-social vulnerability theory,poverty vulnerability theory,disaster psychology theory and coupled human-natural system theory,which lays the foundation for the rural landscape vulnerability theory research.Furthermore,the paper introduces the research methods,index system and evaluation mode of landscape vulnerability and coupled human-natural system vulnerability evaluation,which provides research basis for the construction and evaluation of rural landscape vulnerability index system.In order to reduce the vulnerability of rural landscape,this paper puts forward the resilience study relative to the vulnerability study.By analyzing the connotation,characteristics and advantages of the resilience planning,as well as the resilience characteristics of rural landscape,it provides theoretical support for the subsequent proposals of the resilience planning of rural landscape.In the field survey,according to the sample size determination and selection criteria,32 typical counties and 66 typical villages in Northeast China were selected to conduct the research,and the vulnerability of rural landscape was deeply analyzed from the aspects of natural environment landscape,settlement landscape,economic landscape and cultural landscape.In order to explain the generation mechanism of rural landscape vulnerability in cold regions,this paper introduces the vulnerability research paradigm,and explores the influencing factors of rural landscape vulnerability from three aspects: ecological environment,land use and social economy,starting from the root cause of rural human-natural system vulnerability.According to the interaction mode of influencing factors of rural landscape vulnerability,the paper puts forward three elements of rural landscape vulnerability: exposure,sensitivity and adaptability,and analyses the interaction rules of vulnerability disturbance sources and vulnerability factors respectively from the spatial and temporal dimensions.The theoretical framework,index and assessment mode of rural landscape vulnerability is put forward,which draws lessons from the vulnerability evaluation framework of landscape vulnerability and coupled human-natural system.In the study of vulnerability assessment of rural landscape in cold area,117 county units and 30 village units in Heilongjiang Province were selected as the evaluation objects,and the spatial and temporal differentiation law of vulnerability was analyzed by GIS.According to the change of vulnerability threshold in 2008-2017,the paper analyzes the spatial and temporal evolution pattern of rural vulnerability in Heilongjiang Province.The evolution trend of the main vulnerability factors is determined by the law of spatial and temporal differentiation,and the classification criteria of the vulnerability factors are determined accordingly.In order to cope with the vulnerability of rural landscape in cold areas,this paper introduces the resilience planning into rural planning,and put forward the rural resilience planning with the advantage of resilience planning in dealing with complex systems.By sorting out the deficiencies and demands of current rural planning in coping with landscape vulnerability,this paper puts forward the objective system of rural resilience planning,analyses its connection with relevant planning,and then puts forward the compilation and execution procedures of rural resilience planning.With the vulnerability types of rural landscape classified by the system clustering method,the paper puts forward the planning mode of "universal + principal factor",and applys to the rural resilience planning mode and strategies of county unit and village unit in Heilongjiang province,to effectively reduce landscape vulnerability and provide planning support for beautiful rural construction under the concept of ecological civilization.