Transcriptome Reveal The Tolerance Mechanism Of High Concentration Blood Sugar Of Bactrian Camels

The extreme environment in the desert shape bactrian camel unique metabolic way and lifestyle.Especially in Stress resistance related study,camels are undoubtedly valuable natural resources.In camel blood glucose research,it has been observed that camels have a higher blood sugar level than other species,and this tolerance to glucose tolerance is of great importance for human sugar intolerance research.In this study,the camel was subjected to multiple tissue transcriptome sequencing,and the protein mass spectrum was observed in the tissues that could play a major role in the process of glucose tolerance,thus revealing the unique blood glucose tolerance mechanism formed by the camel in the natural evolution,which provide a new perspective for understanding blood glucose metabolism and diabetes defense.Based on the Illumina Hiseq 2500 sequencing platform,the renal cortex,renal medulla,pancreas,liver and muscle from one femal and two male adult bactrian camels were sequenced by paired-end sequencing.The clean bases data of 4.84 G / 4.84G(Q30: 92.18%,89.62%)in the renal cortex,4.41G/4.41G(Q30: 92.11%,89.47%)in the renal medulla,3.68G/3.68G(Q30:92.89%,89.84%)in the pancreas,3.74G/3.74G(Q30: 93.19%,91.68%)in the liver,3.86G/3.86G(Q30: 93.51%,90.27%)in the muscle was obtained.Samples GC content was 48.62-53.99%.At the cellular level,the metabolic mechanism of differentially expressed genes showed that the GCK and GCKR genes specifically expressed in the human liver were not expressed in the liver of the bactrian camel;the pancreas was low abundance expression of the rate-limiting enzyme of the glycolysis,downstream genes of glycolysis pathway,antioxidant family genes,HSP family genes,SLC family genes and exocrine enzyme antioxidant relative to the other four tissues.The difference of expression of these family is most obvious in renal cortex compared to pancreas.qPCR and PCR experiments confirmed the differential expression of genes between tissues.Based on high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry,renal cortical proteins were identified using protein full-spectrum analysis.This study identified 13549 peptides and 3099 proteins,which contains the glycolysis rate limiting enzymes and the enzymes involved in glycolysis pathway such as SGLT2,NKCC2,AKR1B1,SORD,KHK,ALDOA,FBP,TPI1,G6 PC,HK1,GPI,PFK,G6PT1,G6 PC,GLUT2 and ATPase;Antioxidant gene family proteins such as SOD1,SOD2,SOD3,GSR,IDH1,IDH2,GPX1,GPX3.This study found that camels abandon the use of GCK pathway for glycolysis,and choose HK and KHK pathway for glucose glycolysis,to provide energy for the cells and protect liver cells;the significantly differently expressed genes of glycolysis rate limiting enzyme and glycolytic pathway in renal cortex vs pancreas indicate that glucose metabolism in renal cortical cells is more active than the pancreas;the high expression of the HSP family genes in the renal cortex indicate that the renal cortex requires more HSP family genes to maintain the normal protein synthesis in the cells;the differential expression of the SLC family in the renal cortex and pancreas indicates that the camels reasonably allocate glucose for each organization according to the tissue requriements of glucose;renal cortical high expression of antioxidant family genes show that renal cortical cells need more antioxidant genes to maintain intracellular redox homeostasis,to avoid cell damage caused by oxidative stress,the pancreatic low expression of the family indicates that the pancreas has a weak antioxidant capacity;No glucose was found in the urine,indicating that the camel did not discharge glucose by urine;the low levels of serum uric acid levels indicate that the redxox homeostasis of camels is no longer maintained by blood uric acid in blood.However,the high expression of GPX3 and SOD3 in the renal cortex compensates for the lack of serum uric acid and avoids ROS produced by other tissues to damage the pancreas of poor antioxidant capacity through the blood.This study reveals the adaptation mechanism of camels to high concentrations of blood glucose.