| Acer truncatum Bunge,belonging to Sapindaceae,is a deciduous tree species commonly known as Shantung maple,Chinese purpleblow maple,andyuan ba feng in Chinese.It is originally distributed in North China,but now it has been cultivated widely throughout China and Asia,North America,and Europe due to its ornamental and economic values.Furthermore,it is a native tree in China,which adapted to local natural environment and culture,and is an important part in local people’s daily life.The leaves of A.truncatunm once made into a well-known traditional Chinese tea(Feng lu cha)in ancient,and now has been produced into variety of health tea.The samara of A.truncatum,which is a two-winged fruit with oval seeds,is cooked and eaten by local people in North China.The seeds oil has been authorized as a new edible oil resource by the Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China,nowadays,it called National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China.Moreover,the leaves were used for the treatment of coronary artery cirrhosis,angina pectoris,and cerebrovascular diseases in Chinese folk medicine.The leaves and roots were also recorded to treat swelling and alleviate pain in many Chinese medicinal book.The pharmacological studies have indicated that the leaf-extracts have various bioactivities including antioxidant,anti-tumor,inhibitory of fatty acid synthase,and the seeds have anti-tumor and anti-bacteria as well.Based on above important values of A.truncatum,Chinese government has called on to promote the survey of woody oil plants(including A.truncatum),to enlarge the area of these plants,and to push comprehensive utilization and sustainable development of these plants.Although some chemical and pharmacological researches have been carried on A.truncatum,it still was insufficient.The plant resource status among different location,traditional knowledge of utilization,the metabolites of different plant parts,and the seeds component and bioactivity of A.truncatum should be investigated.Therefore,the current project was conducted to survey of traditional uses and resource,study on leave constituent,investigation of metabolites,antioxidant and antitumor activities from different plant parts,analysis components and content of seed oil,and the composition,antitumor and acetylcholinesterase inhibition of seed residue extracts,based on multidisciplinary methodology including ethnobotany,ethnoecology,phytochemistry,plant metabolomics and pharmacology.The project results aim to provide guideline for rational development and utilization of A.truncatum.The main results and conclusions were summarized as followings:1.The ethnobotanical and ethnoecological investigations were implemented in 50 villages from Jilin,Inner Mongolia,Shaanxi,and Gansu.The results showed that A.truncatum displayed significant values of ecology,culture,and economy field in Inner Mongolia,Gansu,and Shaanxi area.The local people,especial in Mongolian,Baima Tibetan and Korean,possessed abundant traditional knowledges of using this plant,such as it was used as ornamental,medicine,edible,firewood,and building materials and cultural utilization.A.truncatum can adapted diversity of habitats,and has high status in local traditional culture.The survey found that the wild distribution and resources of A.truncatum were unequality between different area,and decreasing.Although the cultivation area is increasing,the wild resources still should be protected.2.Study on chemical constituent of A.truncatum leaves.Various chromatographic methods were applied to isolate and purify compounds from the 70%ethanol extracts of leaves.Four compounds,kaempferol-3-O-a-L-rhamnopyranoside(1),quercetin-3-O-a-L-rhamnopyranoside(2),kaempferol-3,7-di-O-ca-L-rhamnopyranoside(3)and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose(4),were obtained and elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR,LC/MS and compared with published data.Among them,compound 3 was first reported in A.truncatum.These isolated compounds could partly support the traditional uses of A.truncatum leaves for medicine and food based on the compounds’,bioactivities.3.Construct the chemical library including 385 compounds from Acer genus.UPLC-QTOF-MS and Progenesis QI were applied to analysis metabolic profiling of A.truncatum and probing the marker compounds in the different parts of this species.A total of 98 compounds were characterized or tentatively identified,among which flavonoids,phenylpropanoids and phenolic acids were the major chemicals,and 63 compounds were firstly reported from this species.Furthermore,principal component analysis indicated that branches,barks and roots share similar chemical components,while the composition of leaves and fruit were different obviously.52 compounds were identified as potential marker compounds differentiating these different plant parts through multiple orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analyses(OPLS-DA).4.Comparative analysis the antioxidant and antitumor activities of different parts and obtain potential biomarkers.The results showed that all of 80%methanol extracts from different plant parts,including leaf,branch,bark,fruit and root,were exhibited antioxidant and antitumor activities,and bark extracts showed higher activity in both assays.The variable influence on projection score from OPLS-DA revealed 12 potential biomarkers,among which catechin,procyanidins B2 or B3,and procyanidins C1 or C2 are the significant metabolites in bark extracts,which likely contribute to its antioxidant and antitumor activities.5.Chemical components and contents of seeds oil(ATO)and composition of seed residue extracts(ASR).The extraction yields of ATO from seeds collected from 12 different locations are different(among 7.27%-35.05%).Nine fatty acids(FAs)were identified and quantified by GC-MS.The fatty acids include myristic,palmitic,linoleic,oleic,6-octadecenoic,arachidic,erucic,traps-nervonic,and nervonic acids.Among these,myristic acid,linoleic acid,oleic acid,and trans-nervonic acid were the most abundant FAs.Trans-rervonic acid was reported in the seeds oil for the first time.The samples collected from Zhizuyuan in Beijing showed both of highest traps-nervonic acid(10.08～13.37%)and nervonic acid(7.08～14.86 mg/μLATO),and next are the sample from Daheishan,Aohan,Inner Mongolia,11.14%and 7.87 mg/μL ATO,respectively.The composition of ASR was analyzed by UPLC-QTOF-MS for the first time.Fifteen compounds were identified from ASR and 8 compounds among the identifications were firstly reported in A.truncatum.6.Estimate the antitumor and acetylcholinesterase(AChE)inhibitory activities of ATO and ASR from the seeds collected from different locations.All of ASRs exhibited cytotoxicity against four human cancer cell lines including colon cancer cells(SW480),breast cancer cells(MCF-7),lung cancer cells(A-549),and,liver cancer cells(SMMC-7721),especially showed stronger cytotoxicity on SMMC-7721 with IC50 29.46-52.55 μg/mL.In addition,all of ASRs showed potent activity against AChE with IC50 0.12～0.23,ug/mL.ASR displayed higher effect than ATO on both bioassay.This project integrated multidisciplinary modem technology to evaluate the traditional knowledge,which is a practice of moderm ethnobotany and also an important project of ethnoecology research on the field of traditional knowledge and utilization of bioresource.Ethnobotanical and ethnoecological survey on the traditional knowledge and current wild resource of A.truncatum,and investigate its chemical constituent and bioactivity,which have enrich the knowledge of traditional usages,constituents and pharmacological activities on A.truncatum,and also could benefit for the promotion of understanding A.truncatum and its industry,and for the selection of good quality resource of this species.This work has proved that A.truncatum is a promising species with important economical,ecological,and cultural values,which could provide the scientific basis for sustainable development of A.truncatum industry. |
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