| The syntactic form of "N1+V1+N2+V2" is widely used in modern Chinese language,but it is heterogeneous in internal semantics.Taking "causative" as the reference point,it can be divided into causative structure and non-causative structure.The thesis defines the causative structure as the V1NV2 Construction and takes it as the research object of this thesis.The category of"causative" is a typical semantic category expressed by complex events,and the V1NV2 Construction is a concrete means of expressing such complex events.Based on the theory of"CCxG" and the theory of "cognitive events",this thesis systematically analyzes the function of V1NV2 Construction in expressing the meaning of "causative".The research is divided into four parts:The first is the types of event structure and the definition of V1NV2 Construction.V1NV2 Construction contains two types of event structure:lexical causative and analytical causative.V1NV2 of lexical causative results in event of implicit causative and the analytical causation results in event of explicit causative.Explicit causative event includes two subordinate types:Periphrastic causative event and anaphoric causative event;implicit causative event includes six subordinate types:causative event,enabling event,epistemic event,furtherance event,co-operative event and attributive event.Based on the idea of "usage-based model”,this thesis makes a statistical analysis in the closed corpus of news and novels with more than 3.7 million Chinese characters.The distribution of V1 and V2 and the collocation of V1 and V2 in various subordinate types are investigated with the focus on the type frequency and the token frequency,and the theory of "Covarying Collexeme Analysis".According to the frequency of usage,the event semantics expressed by V1NV2 Construction,and the typical categories and atypical categories are determined.Periphrastic causative event and causative event are typical representatives of explicit causation and implicit causation respectively.According to the event semantics of typical categories,the definition of V1NV2 Construction is defined as:external event directly causes the occurrence of state event represented by V2,or external agent No directly or indirectly causes N to produce action event represented by V2 through the means of V1.The second is the analysis of V1NV2 Construction of the explicit causative type.The usage of periphrastic causative V1NV2 construction in this category is absolutely predominant.This thesis takes it as the main research object.In terms of causing event,E1 event in periphrastic causative V1NV2 Construction exists in the form of external event associated with the construction.Event-noun is naturally compatible with E1 event,while non-event noun refers to E1 event in a way of metonymy,and the competence of metonymy is related to saliency.In terms of causative mode,the usage frequency of the two explicit causative markers "Shi" and "Rang 1"occupies the absolute dominant distribution.There is a certain degree of functional differentiation between "Shi" and "Rang1",which is constrained by three factors:style,event type and semantics of V1.In terms of resultative event,the subordinate types include "state change event" and"perception change event".Around the semantic category of "state change",there are five semantic types:state realization,state continuation,state disappearance,state increment,state decrement.Around the semantic category of "perception change",there are two semantic types:sensory perception and psychological perception.The third is the analysis of V1NV2 Construction of the implicit causative type.In V1NV2 Construction of causative event type,E1 event and E2 event are connected by the causative relation of "directiveness",and "directiveness" is expressed by the lexical meaning of the verb V1.According to the strength of directiveness semantics,it can be divided into three categories:weak directiveness,general directiveness and strong directiveness.V1 of general directiveness is in the absolute dominant distribution in the causative event,and the result is mainly action event.In V1NV2 Construction of enabling event type,E1 event and E2 event are connected by the causative relation of "permission".According to the types of "permission",they are divided into two categories:permissive V1 and prohibitive V1.E2 event is often characterized by strong action.In V1NV2 Construction of furtherance event type,E1 event and E2 event are connected by the causative relationship of "power-assistant".According to the participation of the external argument No,it can be divided into type ? and type ?.V1NV2 Construction of co-operative event type has two characteristics:one is that there must be causative relation;the other is that there is a certain emphasis in the meaning of "co-operative".Although the external argument No participates in the expression of E2 event,it is only accompanied,and the internal argument N is the main role of E2 event.It is a special event type in the implicit causative V1NV2 Construction that the usage frequency of the epistemic event is the lowest in the implicit causative type.There is a certain cross-category tendency in the expression of causative relation,and the collocation of construction has a tendency of coagulation,and the function of collocation expansion is limited.V1NV2 Construction of attributive event type is the most special type of implicit causative type.Attributive event is more similar to explicit causative V1NV2 Construction in semantic structure,and can be regarded as special event type of direct causative construction without explicit causative markers.The forth is the analysis of the functional system of V1NV2 Construction.V1NV2 Construction should be regarded as an abstract construction at the highest level,taking causative as the core of the definition of construction."Rang" is a multi-functional verb.Taking "Rang" as an observation point,it can present the functional connection system of the V1NV2 Construction from explicit causative to implicit causative.The closeness of the schema-illustration connection embodied by the sub-construction is highly related to the typicality of the construction.The more the sub-construction conforms to the "schema-illustration"connection relation,the closer it is to the typical category of V1NV2 Construction,and vice versa,in the marginal category.The comprehensiveness of the semantic expression of "causative" in V1NV2 Construction is also reflected in the comprehensiveness of the function of the expression of "Force Dynamics"type.V1NV2 Construction covers all the concrete modes including basic steady-state force-dynamic patterns,secondary steady-state force-dynamic patterns and shifting force-dynamic patterns,and even extends two new generalized patterns with distinct Chinese grammatical features.The type of periphrastic event has the most abundant expressive function to the patterns of Force Dynamics,which shows that the degree of clarity of the causative mode is inversely proportional to the diversity of Force Dynamics types.In V1NV2 Construction,the more marked the causative form is,the stronger the ability to express different types of Force Dynamics is;the more lexicalized the causative form is,the easier it is to be confined to a specific category of Force Dynamics.Periphrastic type,causative type and enabling type are the three most frequently used sub-event types of V1NV2 Construction.In Force Dynamics,it is precisely these three types have strong expression function of cross-pattern distribution,which shows that the expression function of cross-pattern distribution is conducive to the wider use of event types.In other words,whether the usage is more common or more frequently used depends on whether events can express different types of Force Dynamics patterns. |
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