Research On The Biographies Of The Three Ancestors Of Tongcheng

As a style of recording events and characters to pass on to future generations,biographies have both historical value and ideological and artistic value,as well as historical and literary characteristics.It is precisely because biographies are both historical and literary that they have always belonged to the category of historiography or literature.The biography is a style that "makes historical materials for historians and opens up the way for literature".The value of a good biographical work is that it has a certain complement to history or has artistic techniques that can be used for reference in creation,or it can provide materials for novels,dramas,and so on.Chinese biographies have entered the stage of history and literature with the birth of the Records of the Grand Historian of China,which was initiated by Sima Qian.From the middle of the Western Han Dynasty that Records of the Grand Historian of China bear,until now,our country have produced a large number of biographical works of various types.There are also many classification methods for biographies.The most common classification method in feudal society for more than two thousand years is divided into historical biography,san zhuan,lei zhuan,special biography and Chronicle,etc.The Qing Dynasty was an era when biographical writing was very prosperous.The Qing Dynasty official revision history system is very complete,and found a National History Museum.Except for each emperor's records,almost every important minister,celebrity,and even women have biographies.Under the influence of official history revisions,the biographies written by writers in the Qing Dynasty were also very prosperous,not only a huge number,but also a wide range,including almost all levels of society,from the Minister to the Crown Prince down to the plebeian,women and children.The Tongcheng School is the last big ancient school in the history of ancient Chinese prose,and it is also the longest-lasting ancient school.Its life span is almost the same as that of the Qing Dynasty.The Tongcheng School has the status and function of converging as the ancient writing school with the largest number of writers in the Qing Dynasty.In literary theory,it summarized and reflected on traditional Chinese literary theory;ideologically,it absorbed and transcended traditional academic thinking;in creation,Tongcheng writers are involved in almost every stylistic category of ancient writing,travel notes and biographies are the most distinctive.As far as the three ancestors of Tongcheng are concerned,in terms of biographical writing,Fang Bao has 218 biographical essays,Liu Dakui has 93,and Yao Nai has169(a total of 480),with a certain amount,involving multiple styles such as epitaphs,monuments,biography,lines of conduct,anecdotes,etc.In terms of quality,biographical essays have not only historical value,but also ideological connotation and literary characteristics,and have certain research value.At the same time,in the research of the biographies of the three ancestors of Tongcheng,we can also summarize the experience of writing biographies in China and the situation of inheritance and innovation in the development of biographies.This article is divided into six chapters,taking the biographies of the three ancestors of Tongcheng as research objects,based on the socio-political,economic,ideological and cultural background of the Qing Dynasty,exploring the ideological connotation,character image,writing characteristics,inheritance of the three ancestors of Tongcheng and the nuances of literary creation biography between the three ancestors,etc.in order to get a systematic review and fair evaluation,which can complement previous research.The first chapter mainly discusses the characteristics of biography and its development context.This section summarizes the characteristics of biographies,which is documentary,intentionality and artistry.And combs the basic context of the development of the feudal society in China that the biographical factors emerged in poems and essays in the pre-Qin period,the official birth of the biography marked by Records of the Grand Historian of China in the Western Han Dynasty,and theories related to biographies appeared in the WeiJin,the biographies of the Tang and Song dynasties generally developed and flourished,biographies once again flourished and the theory of biography also matured of Qing Dynasty.Make a brief summary of the biographical situation of each period.The second chapter mainly refines and summarizes the biographical concepts of the three ancestors of Tongcheng.The three ancestors of Tongcheng did not have a specialized and systematic biography theory.This part summarizes and refines their understanding of biographies and biographical writing concepts from the ancient literary theory,ancient literary creation,reading experience and biographical writing of the three ancestors of Tongcheng.Under the influence of the academic atmosphere in the Qing Dynasty,the three ancestors of Tongcheng attached great importance to narrative.In terms of their understanding of biographical texts,they emphasized the factuality,affirmed the value and significance of biographical texts,and believed that biographical texts should play the role of admonishing people.Regarding the creation of biographical texts,they required that their creations conformed to the style and norms,and they should pay attention to the selection of materials and tailoring,as well as the style and writing.The three ancestors of Tongcheng had a clear and systematic understanding of the style of biographical writing and made new progress in the stylistic sense.The third chapter mainly classifies the characters in the biographies of the three ancestors of Tongcheng and analyzes their connotations.The tradition of categorizing people's images appeared very early in China.The method of classifying characters is extended from history books to various biographical texts.This section mainly selects the four most common types of characters(officials,celebrity,citizens and women)in the biographies of the three ancestors of Tongcheng for analysis.The characterization of the characters reflects the attitude of the creator of the biography to reality,and the understanding of social issues,and their ideology and values.At the same time,the analysis of the characters created by the three ancestors of Tongcheng is helpful for further understanding of the social reality and the living conditions of the people at that time,and has certain historical value.At the same time,our posterity's analysis of the characters and connotations of the biographies of the three ancestors of Tongcheng also applied a historicist attitude to conduct a dialectical analysis from the historical background of their lives.The fourth chapter mainly analyzes the artistic characteristics of the biographies of the three ancestors of Tongcheng from the literary perspective.This chapter mainly analyzes the artistry the three ancestors of Tongcheng's biography from the perspective of literature.Biographical texts have both literary and historical value.The value of literary works is mainly reflected in the use of literary techniques.This chapter mainly analyzes the truthfulness and intent,material organization,the pragmatic characters,the layout of the text,and the new style changes in the biographies of the three ancestors of Tongcheng,as well as the style characteristics,in an attempt to illustrate the trend of the essay's gradual instrumentalization,the three ancestors of Tongcheng attach great importance to the literary nature of ancient writings.At the same time,In the development process of the literary character of biographies,the creation of the three ancestors of Tongcheng also made an important part that cannot be ignored Contribution.The fifth chapter mainly makes an internal comparison of the biographies of the three ancestors of Tongcheng.The previous chapters have studied the three ancestors of Tongcheng from a holistic perspective,reflected the ideological connotation and artistic issues of the three ancestors of Tongcheng's biographies from a holistic perspective.This section turns the perspective to the question of the differences in biographical creation among the three ancestors of Fang Bao,Liu Dakui,and Yao Nai.It still starts from the three aspects of theoretical concepts,ideological content and artistic style,compares the inheritance and innovation between Fang,Liu,and Yao.Fang,Liu,and Yao have a teacher-teacher relationship,but there are some differences in the atmosphere of the times in which they were born.The three people have different origins and experiences,so they also have obvious inheritance and innovation.The sixth chapter mainly analyzes the acceptance of the biographical essays of the three ancestors of Tongcheng to Shi Chuanwen,the biographical essays of the Eight Great Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties and Gui Youguang's prose.The Qing Dynasty was an era of the accumulation of Chinese literature,and the inheritance and criticism of the previous traditions existed in various fields,as was the case with the Tongcheng School.Historical biographies,Essays of Tang and Song Dynasty and Gui Youguang's essays are the objects that Tongcheng writers highly respect and focus on,but there are some differences in their learning points.Therefore,this chapter studies the acceptance of historical biographies by the three ancestors of Tongcheng from a stylistic perspective Happening.From the perspective of stylistics,the "Yifa" of the three ancestors of Tongcheng is derived from Records of the Grand Historian of China.The three ancestors of Tongcheng can clearly see the influence of historical biography on the stylistic view,physical features and stylistic features of biographical writings.From the perspective of literary creation techniques,the three ancestors of Tongcheng inherited the creative methods of the Essays of Tang and Song Dynasty.Prose of Tang and Song Dynasty is a monument in the history of ancient Chinese prose.At the same time,the prose creation is also very distinctive.On the one hand,their biography corrected the glorious and exaggerated style of writing of the inscriptions on the biographs since the Six Dynasties,and on the other hand,their unique biography creations gradually removed the inscriptions of the biographies from the vassal status of previous historiography.The development of the text has laid a good foundation.The two pointa,ancestors of Tongcheng have inherited them very well.From the perspective of the subject,the biographies of the three ancestors of Tongcheng study from Gui Youguang's prose.In the middle and late Ming dynasties,biographies and proses that really focused on ordinary people themselves were formally formed,and Gui Youguang was one of the important representatives.Ordinary characters also occupy a considerable proportion in the ancestors of the three ancestors of Tongcheng.In the end,the impact of the biographies of the three ancestors of Tongcheng on later generations,especially the impact of Tongcheng post-learning on the narrative concept and creative practice of the writer,is the remainder of this article.The three ancestors of Tongcheng,as the founders and collectors of the Tongcheng School,consciously removed the applied features of biographical texts such as epitaphs and monuments,enhanced the literary nature of the biographical texts,and influenced the development of later biographies.The three ancestors of Tongcheng integrated and inherited the traditional writing methods of biographical writing.The three ancestors of Tongcheng inherited and carried forward China's mainstream values and national character for thousands of years through biographical writing.These excellent traditions are passed down,which can have a positive significance for promoting the essence of traditional Chinese culture and literature,and have a guiding significance for modern biographical theory and writing.The historical position of the biographies of the three ancestors of Tongcheng and its influence on future generations should be affirmed.