Study On Laoshan Hermit Culture In The Late Ming And Early Qing Dynasty

The late Ming and early Qing dynasty was a special period of China's historical development,a life and death moment for a feudal social status from a dynasty to another.At this time,the Ming dynasty fall sharply due to its political corruption,and the Qing regime was rising abruptly with bloody force,resulting in widespread social disorder,frequent wars,intensified conflicts between classes and between ethnic groups.People were experiencing the disorder of life caused by political darkness,feeling the psychological loss brought by the change of dynasty,and experiencing the throes of thought by the malposition of Han ethnic group and non-Han nationalities.It was a time of mental anguish and twisted souls.These great social changes,were particularly deeply felted by the intellectuals of that time who were sensitive by nature.Feeling disappointed at the reality of the fusty dark,feeling it difficult to turn the tide by their own strength,many people of noble interest refused to sell integrity to seek glory and profit,and to grovel to any alien race,went on the way of seclusion.Corresponding with the ups and downs of the times,Laoshan Mountain,which was historically well known as a place for seclusion,ushered in the prosperous period of seclusion culture in the late Ming and early Qing dynasty.Many people with lofty ideals with different origins and experiences,came to Laoshan.Some of them were senior officials of the central government,or local officials,or members of the Donglin party,or members of the Fushe society,or jinshis and jurens,ordinary intellectuals,or court eunuchs,or rebel leaders.In order to relieve their depression,release the thought pain,save their integrity,and save their lives,inspired by Laoshan's hermit spirit,they came here successively,secluding in the jungle or seaside side,and living in the temples of Buddhism and Taoism.In here,far away from society,they chose hermit life to maintain moral integrity and the psychological balance.But they didn't completely forget the world and didn't live a completely passive life,either.In The times of chaos,they still cared about the people's livelihood,and bore the nation and country in mind.They communicated and supported each other,made friends with people with lofty ideals and cultural celebrities,and formed a group of reclusive literati with great influence,thus made more contributions to local areas and communities.Living in seclusion in Laoshan Mountain,as the representatives of virtuous scholars in special times,they ended with either death in peace and quiet,or heroic death,or kept their ideal alive until death,each having achieved the value of life and raised the spirit of Laoshan culture.Living in seclusion in Laoshan Mountain with the mission of inheriting national culture,they cultivated land,built houses,established academies and founded temples.In here,they read,studied,talked about poetry,learned calligraphy,played the piano,taught students,practiced meditation,etc.They have made outstanding contributions to academy,education,art and religion,spreading and developing the Laoshan culture.They also took literature as the way of life,recorded and lyrical discussions,and created a large number of prose and poetry works.These works had various themes,rich contents,profound implications and high artistic standards.They established poetry societies to discuss the art of poetry together,and therefore they dominated the literary atmosphere of Laoshan and its surrounding areas,flourishing regional literary creation,and leaving a lot of precious literary heritage.Because of the contribution of the hermit scholars,the culture of Laoshan reached attained its best.In Laoshan Mountain,the reclusive people expanded the new cultural space,created the new literary landscape,and enriched the spiritual connotation of Laoshan's cultural geography.During the late Ming and early Qing dynasty,various social changes had a profound impact on Laoshan Mountain.The wind and rain of various times had affected this remote place,such as the game of politics,the struggle between good and evil,the turmoil of life,the change of regime,the power and tyranny,etc.The jungle of Lao Mountain had been deeply imprinted by all kinds of literati's thoughts,such as the attachment to old dynasty,the sorrow of national subjugation,the idea of rebuilding the country,the contradiction between capitulate or not,the choice of life and death,etc.Laoshan Mountain had become the epitome and token of the whole society.At this time,Laoshan seclusion culture and literature contained the quality and spirit of the age,which surpassed the limitation of one place at a time,and has the significance of universality and permanence.The contents of each part of the paper are briefly summarized as follows:Introduction: this part analyzes the significance of the topic selection,reviews the research results related to the topic selection,clarifies the research task and the research method,defines the relevant concepts using in the paper,and explains the circumstances about collection,preparation and using of literature materials.The 1st chapter: the formation of Laoshan hermit culture tradition: Firstly,introduces the historical development of Laoshan culture of reclusion,analyses more than 20 hermits living Laoshan from Qin and Han dynasty to early and middle Ming dynasty about their seclusion from beginning to end;Secondly,it discussesthe reasons for the formation of Laoshan hermit culture;Finally,analyses the formation and connotation of Laoshan hermit culture spirit,and the natural and cultural reasonsfor the formation of it.The 2nd chapter: The flourishing of Laoshan hermit culture in late Ming and early Qing dynasty and its characteristics and reasons.Firstly,discusses the general situation of Laoshan hermit scholars in this period,inspects the life story of about more than 30 hermits in Laoshan.Secondly,analyses the performance and characteristics of the flourishment of Laoshan hermit culture in this period.Finally,analyzes the reasons for the flourishing of Laoshan hermit culture in this period.The 3rd chapter: On the cultural geography of Laoshan hermit in the late Ming and early Qing dynasty:the spatial existence and connotation of Laoshan Mountain's reclusive cultural geography in this period are discussed.Firstly explains the formation of Laoshan Mountain reclusive cultural and spiritual landmarks is d,and points out that some cultural landscapes contain unique spiritual connotation,so they become a spiritual landmark advocated by reclusive literati.Secondly,studies the geographical space with dense reclusive figures and its changes,clarifies the course of establishment of the natural and religious reclusive spaces,and their historical changes.The 4rd chapter: Study on the intercourse between famous cultural scholars and Laoshan hermit scholars in the late Ming and early Qing dynasty: analysis of the intercourse between the cultural celebrities such as Shi Runzhang,Gu Yanwu,Wang Shizhen,Qian Qianyi,Pu Songling,Gao Heng,Wang Duo,Zhu Yizun,Zhang Ying and the hermit scholars of Laoshan.And affirmation of their cultural contribution to Laoshan.The 5th chapter: Study the representatives of Laoshan recluses in the late Ming and early Qing dynasty.Selects five representative characters from the reclusive scholars,such as Gao Hongtu,Huang Zongchang,Zhang Yunlun,Huang Pei,and Hu Yiang,as the case to study.Their life,from the very beginning to the end in Laoshan,cultural contribution and the literary creation,also have been thoroughly examined.The 6th chapter: the cultural contribution of Laoshan hermit scholars in the late Ming and early Qing dynasty: analyses of the contribution of Laoshan hermit scholars to regional cultural development,their important contributions to scholarship,education,art,religion and so on.The 7th chapter: the literary creation of Laoshan hermit scholars in the late Ming and early Qing dynasty(part one)--prose achievements: analyses the prose creation situation and achievements of hermit scholars are analyzed.Firstly,investigates their prose creation and the legacy of the works;Secondly,from the stylistic point of view,analyzes all kinds of of their prose,points out its ideological implication and artistic characteristics respectively.Finally makes an overall analysis of the overall artistic characteristics,socialinfluence and academic value of their prose.The 8th chapter: literary creation of Laoshan hermit scholars in late Ming dynasty and early Qing dynasty(part two)--poetry achievement: the poetry creation situation and achievement of hermit scholars are discussed.Firstly,investigates their poetry creation and the legacy of their works.Secondly,studies the situation of their poetry association and poetic theory,from the perspective of subject matter,analyzes the ideological implications and artistic features of all kinds of their poems.Finally,makes an overall analysis of the artistic characteristics,social influence and academic value of his poems.Conclusion: this part makes a retrospective summary of Laoshan hermit culture and literature in the late Ming and early Qing dynasty.The important historical position of Laoshan hermit culture of this age in the history of Chinese hermit culture,and its universal significance and the realistic value are clarified.