Good Spatial Governance:Research On NEMBY Spatial Conflicts And Its Governance In Urban Transition

"Not in My Backyard"(NIMBY)has gradually become a typical governance challenge faced by cities in China,with the socioeconomic development and the enhancement of citizen’s consciousness of rights and environment.Despite the urban transformation has been advancing in recent years,pointing to the end of the "growth-oriented" urban development logic behind the nimby phenomenon,NIMBY conflicts Presents new development trends such as universalization,normalization and localization.These trends can be described as "New NIMBY Situation",which restrict urban transformation and development."New NIMBY Situation" reflects the conflicts among multiple stakeholders in the production and utilization of space,such as industrial spatial distribution and public facilities construction.NIMBY is therefore a typical type of spatial conflicts in urban transition.The influences of NIMBY present as not only the risk of group conflicts threatening "Maintenance of Stability",but also the constraints of Upgrading urban industrial layout and infrastructure and public services.It leads to the dissimilation between the governance goal and efficiency of local government in urban transition.The governance issues of "New NIMBY Situation" in urban transition should be investigated based on the new trends of NIMBY,the spatial essence of urban transition,and the development orientation rather than stability orientation.Therefore,NIMBY governance gradually surpasses how to respond to and resolve conflicts itself,and points to how to promote social transformation and sustainable development一namely,promote urban sustainable development in urban spatial reconstruction through good spatial governance of NIMBY spatial conflicts.The spatial essence of urban transition is the theoretical starting point of NIMBY spatial conflicts.Current transformation of Chinese cities is actually the process of spatial reconstruction,which is the background of NIMBY spatial conflicts,oriented to high-quality development which refers to "What kind of space to produce" and governance modernization which refers to "How to Produce Space".theoretically,the theory of the production of space reveals that,which is the theoretical basis of NIMBY spatial conflicts,there Inherently are conflict tensions in the production of urban space because of constructive cognition and political process.On this basis,the concept of NIMBY spatial conflicts has three theoretical connotations.firstly,the starting point of NIMBY spatial conflicts is expanded from the attributes of NIMBY facilities to the production of local NIMBY space,and then the "exchange value" and "use value" of local space.Secondly,the nature of NIMBY spatial conflicts is expanded to the spatial protest among diverse subjects in the city.Thirdly,the governance of NIMBY spatial conflicts is expanded to the spatial governance on the urban scale.based on different property relations among stakeholders,"incremental" and "existed" production of NIMBY space can be distinguished by the utilization of local space,the main types of NIMBY facilities,the impacts of conflicts and the challenges to urban governance.That means each situation of the production of NIMBY space has its logic of cognitive divergence and conflicts of action,namely,the logic of NIMBY spatial conflict.additionally,in different situations of the production of NIMBY space,local government presents different approaches,strategies and tools for the governance of NIMBY spatial conflicts.Incremental Production of NIMBY Space,which is the is also the most common type of NIMBY spatial conflicts,is represented by the planning and construction decision of NIMBY facilities,embedding NIMBY space into the existing local social relations and spatial structures.Since the incremental production of NIMBY space and its spatial conflicts show obvious"cross-sectional" characteristics,four typical cases were selected for cross-case comparative study based on comprehensive considerations of characteristics of production situation,facility types,and issues,etc.It is found that,the NIMBY spatial conflicts in incremental production of NIMBY space mainly centers on construction decision",and the spatial conflict between the "public and government" is the important form.Spatial protest Oriented to spatial rights focuses on the economic interests and decision-making participation,to obtain property compensation and understand the decision-making process for the negative impact of facilities.The spatial protest oriented to spatial powers focuses on legitimacy and rationality of the administrative power operation in the construction decision-making,to the legitimacy of the procedure and then reject the outcomes of the production of NIMBY space.the spatial protest oriented to spatial values focuses on the injustice of the production of local space promoted by NIMBY facilities,which usually involves the discordance between decision-making process and policy quality,elite interests and public demands,and decision-making motives and local realities.There are also various governance measures for the differentiated expression of conflicts.Dealing with conflicts of spatial property rights is oriented to reshape the economic relations among stakeholders.Governance of protest to participation concentrate on Information supply and cognitive reconstruction.Facing the protest to spatial powers,withdrawing construction and disintegrating social mobilization are taken into consideration.Construction of procedural justice is used to deal with the spatial protest oriented to spatial justice.In general,the governance of NIMBY spatial conflicts in the incremental production of NIMBY space concentrates on interpretation and defense of local development decisions to gain public recognition and local support,and to bridge the spatial relationship between the government and the public.In the process,local governments often choose to include the facility operators and builders as governance partners,whose construction optimization,technical explanation and operation guarantee are used in governance of NIMBY spatial conflicts.Existed production of NIMBY Space,which is a new trend of NIMBY spatial conflicts,is represented by the fact that,many existing facilities that were originally located in remote urban areas are gradually surrounded by urban construction,and gradually evolve into NIMBY space because of geographical expansion and population agglomeration in urban development.Since the existed production of NIMBY space and its spatial conflicts show obvious " diachronic " characteristics,a local " Breathing Dispute" event is selected for case study.It is found that the NIMBY spatial conflicts in existed production of NIMBY space mainly centers on"facility operation",and the expression and logic of NIMBY spatial conflicts are also escalating as the risk from daily pollution to safety accidents intensifies.It is the evolution from normal struggle to intense conflict that spatial conflicts present in the existed production of NIMBY space.The normal struggle form of existed NIMBY spatial conflicts is focused on the results of production and operation activities,the spatial interests represented by the right to health,and frequent but limited conflict issues.The intense conflict form is expanded from three aspects.In the dimension of spatial rights,the NIMBY spatial conflicts reflect local public’s demands for the spatial results of the production of NIMBY space,including the right to know the spatial impact,supervise the local government and operators,participate in the decision-making process of adjustment of space results.In the dimension of spatial powers,the local public,enterprises,local governments and other spatial stakeholders make use of discourse,economy,decision-making and other kinds of power resources,to try to promote the spatial construction that maximizes their own spatial demands.In the dimension of spatial values,the NIMBY spatial conflicts reflect the Controversy among stakeholders about the injustice of spatial results.In the governance of NIMBY spatial conflicts,local governments tend to take various measures centered on operating optimization,such as operational accident handling centered on quickly alleviating protest,daily and normalized regulation on enterprise activities so as to identify conflict risks and respond dynamically;reducing the influence of NIMBY space by offering operation upgrade support policies,and disintegrating social mobilization by reconstruction of local social relations and spatial structures.The different production situations of NIMBY Space bring about diversified spatial relations among stakeholders,differentiated spatial cognition of multiple subjects and multi-dimensional public protests.Therefore,local governments are faced with complex governance requirements and challenges.The complexity of governance situations has led to complex behaviors of spatial stakeholders.The spatial stakeholders take various actions under the managerial orientation or developmentalist orientation.The multiple orientations of spatial governance,therefore,include the results-based cognitive gap bridging of spatial concepts,the construction of process-based consensus building mechanism,and the development-based social integration and identity identification.The investigation of spatial governance tools used in different situations of NIMBY spatial conflicts shows that,on the one hand,the application of governance tools present "more intrusive but less collaborative" "more managerial orientation but less developmentalist orientation";on the other hand,policy changes driven by national governance modernization in recent years have been promoting optimization and development of governance tools related to NIMBY spatial conflicts.Therefore,the governance of governance of NIMBY spatial conflicts means not only the organic unity of the results-based cognitive gap bridging of spatial concepts,the process-based consensus building mechanism,and the development-based social integration and identity identification,but also the effective transformation of innovative governance tools into the governance efficiency of NIMBY spatial conflicts.Firstly,optimize the allocation of spatial elements under the improvement of planning quality,and give full play to the basic advantages of territorial space planning,ensuring the effectiveness of planning tools in differentiated situations of governance.Secondly,construct the long-term mechanism of consensus building under decision-making optimization in the production of NIMBY space,so as to fully transform institutional advantages into effective governance.On the one hand,improve the decision-making mechanism of the production of NIMBY space-to optimize the NIMBY spatial governance system,and on the other hand,give play to the governance potential of the community in decision-making optimization to improve the capacity and effectiveness of NIMBY spatial governance activities.Thirdly,promote the community building of shared interests and realize the right to the city under the production of NIMBY facilities,including the construction of spatial concepts based on the "benefit sharing" of local public in the production of NIMBY space,the construction of shared spatial relationship based on the spatial benefit feedback mechanism,and the reconstruction of spatial elements of shared development.