| HIV-1 has developed many mechanisms leading to the down-regulation of its cellular receptor, the CD4 molecule, in order to increase the release of infectious viral particles and to inhibit superinfection of the target cell. One of these mechanisms is the HIV-1 Vpu-mediated degradation of newly synthesized CD4 at the level of endoplasmic reticulum (ER).;The ERAD degradation usually involves the dislocation of proteins from the ER to the cytoplasm in order to induce their poly-ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by the proteasome. We demonstrated that Vpu induces the poly-ubiquitination of CD4 in human cells. Our results also suggest that CD4 has to be dislocated in order to be degraded by the proteasome in presence of Vpu. Furthermore, the expression of a transdominant negative mutant of the ATPase p97, that is involved in the dislocation of ERAD substrates, inhibits completely the Vpu-mediated CD4 degradation process. Finally, our results demonstrated that the ubiquitination of putative ubiquitin acceptor residues (lysines) in the cytosolic tail of CD4 is not essential but the mutation of these lysines slowed down the process of CD4 degradation induced by Vpu. This results suggests that ubiquitination of CD4 cytosolic tail could represent an important step during Vpu-mediated CD4 degradation.;Ubiquitin is usually attached on lysine residues in the targeted protein. However, the ubiquitination on non-lysine residues (S, T and C) has also been demonstrated. We demonstrated that the mutation of all cytosolic potential ubiquitination sites (K, C, S and T) of CD4 abolishes Vpu-mediated degradation. In addition, the presence of cysteines in the cytosolic tail of CD4 appeared sufficient to render CD4 sensitive to Vpu in absence of lysine, serine or threonine. In order to explain these results, we propose a model in which CD4 cytosolic tail ubiquitination is necessary for its degradation and where ubiquitination sites are selected non specifically by the ubiquitin ligase recruited by Vpu.;Finally, we observed that co-expression of a phosphorylation mutant of Vpu unable to interact with beta-TrCP (Vpu S52,56/D) appears to stabilize ER-retained CD4 molecules. In addition, other Vpu mutants seem able to recruit beta-TrCP and CD4 without inducing CD4 degradation. These results suggest that Vpu association with CD4 and beta-TrCP is essential but not sufficient for CD4 degradation. Consequently, these results raised the possibility that other cellular factors could be recruited by Vpu in order to induce CD4 degradation.;Vpu must interact with CD4 and recruit the cellular ubiquitin ligase SCFbeta-TrCP, via its binding to beta-TrCP, in order to induce CD4 degradation. Because CD4 has to be retained in the ER to allow Vpu to induce its degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system, it has been suggested that this process involves a mechanism reminiscent of a cellular degradation pathway involved in the proteolysis of unfolded proteins called ERAD (endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation).;The results presented here allowed us to better define the mechanism underlying Vpu-mediated CD4 degradation. In addition, these results allowed us to elaborate a model in which the ubiquitin ligase SCFbeta-TrCP show some flexibility in the choice of ubiquitination sites in order to induce CD4 degradation. Finally, theses studies shed a new light on the role of Vpu in the CD4 degradation process because our results suggest that Vpu could recruit, in addition of beta-TrCP, other cellular partners in order to induce CD4 degradation.;Keywords. HIV-1; Vpu; CD4 degradation; ERAD; ubiquitin-proteasome system; viral infectivity. |
