Three-dimensional exospheric hydrogen atom distributions obtained from observations of the geocorona in Lyman-alpha

Exospheric atomic hydrogen (H) resonantly scatters solar Lyman-alpha (121.567 nm) radiation, observed as the glow of the geocorona. Measurements of scattered solar photons allow one to probe time-varying three-dimensional distributions of exospheric H atoms. The Two Wide-angle Imaging Neutral-atom Spectrometers (TWINS) mission images the magnetosphere in energetic neutral atom (ENA) fluxes and additionally carries Lyman-alpha Detectors (LADs) to register line-of-sight intensities of the geocorona. This work details a process for preparing TWINS data such that LAD measurements can be used to obtain global H density distributions with three-dimensional asymmetries above 3 earth radii. Sequences of distributions are presented to investigate the dynamic exosphere, responding to seasonal variations between a summer solstice and autumnal equinox, as well as to solar and geomagnetic variations as described by commonly used indices. The distributions reveal asymmetries from day to night, north to south, and dawn to dusk. A nightside extension persists that is consistent with the location of a geotail. A seasonal north-south asymmetry occurs as solar illumination differs between the summer and winter polar regions. Pole-equator and less pronounced dawn-dusk asymmetries also appear, possibly due to a coupling effect via charge exchange with the polar wind and plasmasphere, respectively.;A common phenomenon in geospace occurs as magnetospheric energetic ions collide with neutral background atoms and produce ENAs that, no longer bound by Earth's magnetic field, can travel large distances though space with minimal disturbance ---providing an opportunity for remote detection. Knowledge of the distribution of the primary neutral partner, exospheric H atoms, is therefore essential for the interpretation of ENA fluxes and subsequent retrieval of ion densities. An analysis is summarized that demonstrates the importance of exospheric H density distributions on reconstructing magnetospheric images in ENA fluxes and obtaining ring current ion densities.;Some of the main findings in this work have been accepted [Ilie et al., 2012] or are already published [Bailey and Gruntman, 2011; Zoennchen et al., 2011] in various scientific journals.