| Multi-year observations of tropical precipitation, clouds, temperature and circulation, supplemented by measurements in the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere (TOGA) Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE), are used to describe the diabatic heating in Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and the Kelvin-Rossby wave structures that are coupled with the different diabatic heating fields.; The three dimensional structure and propagation of the diabatic heating in MJO differ fundamentally in different regions of the tropics. In particular, the maximum of the vertical heating profile is in the upper troposphere over the primary heating center, but it is in the lower troposphere over the weakening region.; The coupled Kelvin-Rossby wave structure of the MJO is found to be very different at different stages of the life cycle. The difference is shown to be associated with the different vertical profile of diabatic heating. Composite MJO wave structure is constructed for the different stages in terms of the coupling with between wind, geopotential height, temperature, vertical velocity, diabatic heating in the upper troposphere and lower troposphere, and near the equator and in the subtropics.; It is hoped that results from the present study will help to clarify inconsistencies in some previous observational and modeling studies, and to provide an observational basis to better understand the mechanism of MJO. |
