| This work analyzes the Middle Eastern policies of the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy. American relations with Israel, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia comprise the main subjects of this history, which is based on research in United States and Israeli archives, analysis of published American, Arab, and Israeli primary sources, and interviews with diplomatic, defense, and intelligence officials from that era.; Kennedy and his advisors sought to think about the Middle East in a sophisticated, progressive manner—in a way that would meet not only the needs of the United States during the Cold War, but also those of the people of the region. The administration attempted to put the United States on a better footing with Arab radicalism; increase the prospects of economic growth in the area; lessen the Arab-Israeli conflict through an initiative designed to solve the Palestinian refugee problem; and prevent the spread of unconventional weapons to the region.; Despite the best of intentions, the administration was unsuccessful on nearly every score. Arab radicalism proved incompatible with broader American interests and values. Neither generous economic assistance nor expressions of goodwill provided the United States with the keys to improving relations in the Arab world. Inter-Arab bloodletting provided the administration with as many problems as did the Arab-Israeli dispute. The administration also had to deal with the pressing demands of Israeli survival and security, and the growth of a vigorous pro-Israel movement among America's Jewish citizens.; This study provides a window into the many difficulties that typically face any American administration approaching the Middle East. The region is indispensable to the United States, but the choices before decision-makers are rarely appealing and the problems are often intractable. |
