Theoretical Research On The Macroscopic Force Due To The Exchange Of Axions

The equavelence principle is one of the basestones of the general relativity and it's test is of great importantence,so physicsts had been continuously testing it by various experiments through methods in different angles ever since the sixteenth century.The theory and detection of axion and the test of equivalence principle are hot topics of today's theoretical physics and astronomy and they are very important to the development of physics and astronomy.The applied research of chiral molecules has broad outlook in the new century.It's very interest that our research project lies in where these three aspects come together.Except for the mass,commpotents,rotation and the polarization of macroscopic bodies,different chirality of matter may violates the weak equavelence principle.The macroscopic force between the chiral matter and achiral matter due to the exchange of axion is parity violating.It's a new practical idea to take chiral matter as test mass in the gravitational experiments testing the equavelence principle.So it's necessary to study the macroscopic force theoretically,quantitivily calculate the magnitude of such force and discuss the influence of such macroscopic force to the test of the equavelence principle.Under the aborative guidance of Prof.Zhongzhu Liu,the researches of parity-violating and chirality-dependent macroscopic force due to the exchanges of axions between chiral materials(chiral molecules or chiral crystals) and source mass(copper blocks) are carried out in this paper:(1) we researched the topic of macroscopic force due to the exchanges of light particles,inspected it's research background and near developments.According to the theory and knowledge of advanced quantum mechanics,quantum field theory,particle physics and standard model,we derivate and checked the formulas of the interaction potential,the sum of electron spin and the vertexes et al.(2) Under the adiabat approximation, crystal field approximation and one-electron approximation,we given out the expression of the macroscopic force between the chiral materials(chiral molecules or chiral crystals) and source mass(copper blocks) duo to the exchange of axion according to the static perturbation theory.It's in fact a second order quantum effect,analogous to the rotation power of chiral liquid and chiral crystals.We find it's a new chiraliry-dependent force.That is to say the macroscopic force has opposite sign corresponding to molecules or crystals with opposite chirality. Therefore when the test masses are chiral mass and the source masses are achiral masses,such macroscopic force may violate the test of weak equivalence principle. (3) In order to show its possible physical effects and estimate its magnitudes with enough accuracy,we quantitatively calculated and estimated the macroscopic force between the chiral materials(chiral molecules or chiral crystals) and source mass(copper blocks) with suitable sizes applicable to experiments.Because the calculation of the sum of real matrix elements in the expression of force is very complex and it is model dependent,we must take suitable methods and take simple model to calculate to attain an ideal result.The concrete calculation include two cases.In one case,we adopted adiabat approximation,crystal field approximation and one-electron approximation in the calculation of macroscopic force between copper block and liquid of chiral molecules.In another case,we calculated the macroscopic force between copper block and a-quartz according to the theory of solid physics,space group and quantum chemistry.According to the limits of the scalar and pseudo-scalar coupling constants,the macroscopic forces are estimated respectively,and we found the magnitudes of macroscopic forces we got are still far beyond the scale of the up-to-date weak force detection tools. Further,we analyzed our computational methods and the results we gained and discussed the possible influences of such chirality dependent macroscopic forces to the test of equivalence principle.(4) At last,There were many people detecting the macroscopic force due to the exchange of axion using the paramagnetic salt TbF₃ as test mass in the world.They theoretically calculated the macroscopic force using the simple effectice potential and gave out the limits of the coupling constants of axion with mass according to their experimental results and the precision of their experiments.We think the effective potential they adopted is not suitable in case of the test mass of the paramagnetic salt TbF₃.So we studied the effective potential of scalar-pseudoscalar interaction between the paramagnetic salt TbF₃ and copper block step by step based on facts.The exact description of such interaction is complex.For simplicity,the 4f electrons of the Tb atom can be regarded as the electron of the hydrogen-like atom,we considered the macroscopic force of the effective potential between the paramagnetic salt TbF₃ and copper block due to the exchange of axion.