| Ecosystems on the earth provide diverse goods and services,which called ecosystem services.It is crucial to people’s survival and development via variable biological and physical processes.The sustainable supply of ecosystem services is the basis of the sustainable development of economy and society.However,the long-standing lack of knowledge of ecosystem services and the undue underestimation or even completely overlook of ecosystem service values(ESV),have resulted in humanity’s blind and predatory exploitation and utilization of ecosystem services,led to unprecedented destruction of many important natural ecosystems,and thus grievously threatened the sustainable development of human society.To contain the deterioration of ecosystems,maintain their ESV,increase their production capacity coordinate the relationship among population,resources,environment and economic development,and achieve the goal of sustainable development of the regional ecology,economy and society,it is necessary to closely combine the natural science issues and socio-economic development policies.It will be very beneficial for the effective management of ecosystem services and the formulation of a reasonable strategy of ecological protection and economic development to dynamically assess the regional ecosystem service values and develop a differentiated ecological compensation standard.In the research,we exemplified Suzhou,Wuxi and Changzhou(SXC)of Jiangsu Province.Based on the principle of ecological economics and the theory of sustainable development,we applied ArcGIS spatial analysis method and analyzed the change land use of these areas.Based on the relationship among the reduction of agricultural land,urban sprawl and the protection of wetland,we combined assessments of the amount and value,and established the evaluation system and method of ESV of SXC and quantified the spatial heterogeneity of the increment of ESV in the scale of counties(cities and districts).We also designed the idea and method of ESV zoning from the difference of economic development,the variability of population density and the spatial heterogeneity of urban sprawl.Through calculating and comparingthe trade-offs and synergies of ecosystem service values among different scenarios of future development and protection,we obtained the most balanced mode of theincrementsof ESV in different partitions.Finally,we proposed the differentiated ecological compensation standard based on the opportunity cost,the direct cost and the public willingness to pay.In the research,the spatial and temporal variabilities of land use in SXC were analyzed based on the remote data from 1995 to 2010.Within the six land types,agricultural land,wetlands and construction land varied greatly.The increase of wetlands was mainly because of the returning farmland to wetlands and the decrease of wetland was mainly due of the encroachment of construction land.With a growing trend of urban expansion,construction land area increased by 119.51%.The most obvious period of expansion of construction land was from 2005 to 2010,and the area with the most magnitude of expansion was Suzhou Industrial Park.Construction land expanded spreadly and contiguously from the central cities of SXC,while wetlands only expandedfrom the periphery of central cities.Meanwhile,with the expansion of construction land,the number of wetlands patches increased from 3267 to 3347,and the wetlandfragmentation intensifiedsignificantly.Based on the analysis of land use,we set 2000 as the base year and assessed the spatial variability of the ESV and their increments from 2000 to 2010.The total ESV of SXC increased by RMB 14.5 billion,mainly from the supply service values.With the increase of supply service values,the regulation service values and support service values decreased.The increments of ESV performed obvious temporal heterogeneity.Liyang,Wuzhong and Yixing had the most increments,while Suzhou Industrial Park had the least increments.The increments showed a spread increase trend from the center to periphery of the research region.Applying ArcGIS,cluster analysis and scenario analysis,based on the estimation of increments of ESV,we divided the research region into four zones,the joint development zone,the ecological conservation zone,the ecological degradation zone and economic development zone.The first two zones had positive increments and were ecosystem services output area,where the leading service was material production service.The last two zones had negative increments and were ecosystem services input area,where the leading service was gas regulation service.According to the result of scenario analysis,the scenario taking account of both protection and development wasthe best and the increments of eight kinds of ESV in the four zones were the most balanced.Based on the results of zoning and scenario analysis,through the combination of the opportunity cost,the direct cost and the public willingness to pay,we obtained the ecological compensation standard under the optimal scenario.The ecological compensation standard in ecosystem services output area contained three aspects,which were the opportunity cost for ecosystem protection,the direct cost for ecosystem construction and value increment of ecosystem services produced by the improvement of ecosystem.The result showed that the opportunity cost wasthe lowest,while the direct cost was the highest.Considering the total values of these three aspects,the compensation standard of the joint development zone was about RMB 1.9 billion/year and the compensation standard of the ecological conservation zone was about RMB 0.8 billion/year.The ecological compensation standard in ecological import area contained two aspects,which were the public willingness to pay for ecosystem improvement and the decrements of ESV due to sacrificing ecosystem to develop economy.The public willingness to pay was higher than the increments of ES V,and the WTP amounts of respondents decreased as the distance from the wetland increased.Considering the total values of both aspects,the compensation standard of the ecological degradation zone was about RMB 2.20-2.25 million/year and the compensation standard of the economic development zone was about RMB 0.06～7.33 million/year.The results of feasibility analysis showed that the ratio of the value of ecological compensation and GDP was less than the ratio of environmental protection investment and GDP(3%);suggesting that the ecosystem services output area is fully capable to pay the compensation fees.This study presented a scientific,reasonable and feasible ecological compensation standard. |
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