Trade-off And Synergy Analyses And Sustainable Management Of Ecosystem Services In West Liao River Plain

Ecosystem services are the benefits that human beings obtain from the ecosystem,that is,the benefits that human beings directly or indirectly obtain from the ecosystem that guarantees their survival and quality of life.For a long time,more attention has been paid to the research on commercialized and marketable ecosystem services(supply services).However,with the deepening of research work,ecosystem services(regulation services)that cannot be marketed and have the nature of public services are becoming new research hotspots.Supply services provide food and raw materials for human beings and other creatures to survive,while regulation services can ensure the living environment of human beings and other creatures.Regulation services and supply services are equally important to human social-economic development.The realization of regional sustainable development cannot be achieved without the support of various ecosystem services.Therefore,it is a scientific proposition with important theoretical significance and practical value to study the functional relationship between regional ecosystem regulation and supply services(trade-off relationship,synergies relationship,non-trade-off or non-synergies relationship,etc.),as well as the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics and mechanism of this relationship,and to guide and serve the sustainable management of regional ecosystem services.West Liao River Plain is located in the ecological safety barrier zone in northern China.It is mainly composed of grassland ecosystem and agricultural ecosystem.It has high value of ecosystem regulation service and supply service,especially its service value of windbreak and sand fixation and water conservation.Based on the ecosystem service theory and ecosystem sustainable management theory,by using the methods of literature analysis,field investigation,spatial statistical analysis and correlation analysis,this paper systematically evaluates the ecosystem regulation services and supply services in West Liao River Plain,scientifically identifies the trade-off and synergy between the services,studies the temporal and spatial evolution trend and law,and then discusses the sustainable zoning management of ecosystem services in West Liao River Plain.The main findings and conclusions are as follows:(1)The change trend of ecosystem regulation services in West Liao River Plain.Windbreak and sand fixation and water conservation are the two main regulation services in West Liao River Plain.Water conservation,as a key regulation service,shows the characteristics of continuous decline.West Liao River Plain is located in semi-arid area,and the available water resources mainly come from groundwater resources.The main reason for the decline of water conservation is that changes in natural environment conditions affect the recharge of groundwater resources,while social and economic development increases the pressure of water use,resulting in the continuous decline of water conservation due to the fact that groundwater resources representing water conservation services cannot make ends meet.Regulation services for windbreak and sand fixation have increased overall.Through large-scale construction of ecological projects such as shelterbelts and grasslands,and the implementation of the policy of rotational grazing,rest and grazing prohibition to artificially increase vegetation coverage,the actual soil wind erosion modulus in West Liao River Plain has a significant downward trend,and the windbreak and sand fixation service has an overall upward trend.(2)Change trend of ecosystem supply and service in West Liao River Plain.On the whole,the industrial structure in the West Liao River Plain maintains a crisscross layout of animal husbandry in the south,agriculture in the middle and agriculture and animal husbandry in the north.The steady growth trend of agricultural and animal husbandry supply services is due to the improvement of agricultural technology,the increase of grassland vegetation coverage,and the conversion of some grasslands into cultivated land.The changes of forestry supply,population residence,development and construction and other supply services are not significant.(3)Trade-off and Synergy between Ecosystem Services in West Liao River Plain.The trade-off and synergy between the two ecosystem services in the West Liao River Plain region show a certain degree of diversity on the whole and in different gradient dimensions,but generally it has a certain degree of convergence.The spatial and temporal changes of ecosystem service indicators are characterized by enhancement,weakening,no significant changes and no obvious trends.In the 33 groups of overall relationships,the trade-off and synergy relationships accounted for 57.58% and 27.27% respectively,the trade-off and synergy conversion relationships accounted for 6.06% respectively,and the non-trade-off or non-synergy relationships accounted for only 3.03%.Water conservation service index has a decreasing trade-off relationship with animal husbandry service,population residence and agricultural supply,and a medium trade-off relationship with forestry supply.The two indexes of windbreak and sand fixation service have a weak trade-off and weak synergy relationship with each supply service.The two indexes of water conservation service and the two indexes of windbreak and sand fixation service show a decreasing trade-off relationship,and show a weak synergistic relationship with the other index.In the gradient level relationship,the relationship between the regulation service indexes at the three low gradient levels is relatively consistent with the overall relationship,and the regulation service and the supply service are basically consistent with the overall relationship.The relationship between service indexes in high gradient level is diverse.(4)Sustainable zoning management of ecosystem services in West Liao River Plain.Taking the sustainable management of ecosystem service clusters as the goal and focusing on the key factor of available water resources and their distribution characteristics,the West Liao River Plain area is divided into three levels of sustainable management areas.The firstlevel sustainable zones are distributed in the south and north of the West Liao River Plain,mainly in sandy land,saline-alkali land,grassland and part of cultivated land,with agriculture and animal husbandry as the main industries.The conditions for sustainable utilization of water resources are better,and the quality and quantity of ecosystem services can fully meet the needs of the survival,life and production of contemporary and future generations and other species;The second-level sustainable zones are distributed in the central and northwest parts of the country,This area is dominated by grassland,cultivated land and sandy land,and the conditions for sustainable utilization of water resources have a downward trend,which can meet the basic needs of ecosystem services for the survival,life and production activities of contemporary people and other species.It is necessary to properly adjust the industrial structure and improve the water use efficiency,and formulate ecosystem service management policies in which survival and life take precedence over production;The third-level sustainable zoning is distributed in and around the main urban area of Horqin District.Groundwater depletion leads to shortage of water conservation services.The primary task to realize sustainable management is to ensure sufficient ecological space,not to excessively pursue supply services,to avoid the trade-off between supply services,regulation services and support services,to speed up the restoration of ecosystem service functions,and to achieve the goal of sustainable development.