The Developments Of Functional Biochar Based Materials And Research Of Their Adsorbability Towards Antibiotics And Heavy Metal

In order to raise the wastewater treatment efficiencies,this research is focus on developing an efficient functional biochar material.On one hand,we have chosen the broad resources biomass wastes as raw material based on the thought of dealing wastewater problem with wasted biomass and turn waste to treasure.On the other hand,the wastewater containing?-lactam,tetracycline,quinolone residues and hexavalent chromium were chosen as the typical targeted contaminants in this research.We are urged to develop noval functional biochar based materials with higer removal speeds,larger elimination abilities and lower desorption efficiencies or residues.Our works are summarized as following.?.Firstly,it is prioty to upgrade the fore-modified method in manufacturing of biochar-based materials.The ultrasonic-assisstant fore-modified process was taken part into update the preparation technology.A self-functionalized fore-modified biochar(SFB)was finally achieved with ultrahigh adsorption rate and ultralow desorption rate.The surface area was raised by 210.6%,the adsorption capacity was rised by 87.11%and the desorption rate was reduced by more than 85%and reached lower than 5%.The high desorption rates problem of traditional biochar and hydertheromal biochar was solved.With different characterizations methods,the micro balls structures on SFB surface were presented clearly.Due to the micro carbon balls of SFB,there were much more microprous sructures,which have great influence to improve the adsorption abilities towards micro moleculars antibiotic residues,by experiments.At the meantime,there were more hydroxyl,ester and?-?stack groups proved by XPS,which participated in the adsorption processes,on the surface of SFB.Besides,the co-exist experiments of humic acid have proved high tolerances of SFB,too.?.Secondly,a microwave assistant fore-modified method was developed and applied to improve the desorption features of biochars.A layered corncob biochar with sliced carbon layers were achieved.Thus,it is summarized that the microwave has destroyed the honey comb like frameworks of corncob.The micro sliced layers were developed and characterisized with oxygen-containing functional groups and?-?structures,which were useful for more stable adsorptions detected in the following experiments.With the specific surface area of 1056.32 cm²/g,the desorption rate of typical antibiotic molecoles has dropped to about 1%.The MC was more potential safety in dealing with wastewater.Adsorption equilibrium and dynamic studies indicated that chemical adsorption and monolayer absorption are the main adsorption process.XPS analyses indicated that thare are more oxygen-containing functional group and stronger,clearer?-?structures in fore-modified corncob biochar than SFB.An in situ diffuse reflection infrared spectroscopy(DRIFTS)technology was deployed to prove the interactions of functional groups and adsorbates at different time points.?.Thirdly,the functional modifications of specific location sites were researched.In order to improve the removal efficiency of heavy metal,the methionine,a sulfur source,and the stannous chloride,a tin-based raw material,was applied alternatively to develop a SnS loaded corbcob biochar(LC),which appeared as as micro layers.The removal efficiency of Cr(VI)has rised higher than 80%(up to 8.615 mg/g in removal amount),which was about 13 times than traditional MC.Comprehensive analyses methods of SEM?TEM?XRD?FTIR?XPS were used to characterize the morphology of LC.SEM and TEM analyses showed that SnS nanoparticles were uniformly at 10nm in diameter,which loaded on the surface of microcarbon spheres.XRD analysis indicated that the surface of the material has obvious SnS diffraction peak signal,FTIR and XPS analyses showed that there were obvious Sn-S characteristic peaks on the surface of the material.At the same time,the stability exploration experiments were tested.?.Finally,the self assembled biochar based functional materials were developed.To improve the doping rate and reliable of material,the feather was condidered as the switched raw material because there was advantage of high methionine contents.Combined microwave asisstant fore-modification technique with crosslinking reaction of self-assembly mode with stannous chloride in environment,the preparation of a kind of nano sulfide stannous coupling feather carbon(n SBC)as a reducing agent.About 5-10 nm SnS_x nanoparticles loaded on the feather carbon template were observed by SEM and TEM.The XPS and argon ion peel methods were applied to explaine the new reduction process.Not only can it efficiently remove trace hexavalent chromium and reduced the concentration below 50?g·L^-1,but also has the ability of synergistic removal of trivalent chromium residues.n SBC had also showed the ability of efficient removal of hexavalent chromium in the simulated reduction process under in-situ conditions.All of these have indicated that n SBC material has the characteristics of high efficiency.It is also ideal for industrial applications.Above all,the noval material poccessed higher removal efficiencies,greater removal abilities,lower desorption efficiencies and residues.Meanwhile,the manufacturing of material is environmental friendly and simple.The raw materilas were also cheap.It is potential for further practices.