| Traditional Chinese pavilions(Ting)are one of the unique types of architecture and the important component of human settlements construction in urban and rural area.They are carriers of ancient ritual education and local customs,as well as aesthetic places for people to enjoy the recreational activities taking place in gardens.Researching on the pavilion architectural culture of Song Dynasties is helpful to reveal the constructional thought,cultural implication,aesthetic activities and characteristics of pavilions,which has a positive practical significance to complement and perfect the traditional Chinese wisdom of human settlements construction experience,guiding the protection and renewal of traditional landscape and the implementation of current Park City strategic thinking.Ting Prose of Song Dynasties is a documentary literary text that records the construction events,recreational activities,motivation of construction and so on,which combines the historical literature value,cultural and artistic value and ideological value,and is therefore a rich architectural and literary heritage.To elaborate the cultural Panorama of Pavilion architecture in Song Dynasties,the paper adopts the interdisciplinary research between Architectural History,Architectural Aesthetics and Literature with the analysis of Pavilion prose in Song Dynasties as the basic textual materials and taking Local Chronicles,Geographical Annals,art literature and landscape images as auxiliary materials.Furthermore,the theoretical achievements of other disciplines are drawn for reference like Social Culture,Cultural Geography,Literary Sociology and Iconography.Through Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the 430 pavilion-building examples mentioned in Ting proses of Song Dynasties,the overall spatial distribution and characteristics of pavilion building and literary writing are illustrated during the periods of Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song.Based on the division of the five Cultural Districts,it reveals the alternating of the cultural center and the evolution of the overall cultural spatial distribution of the development of Pavilions between Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song.The research result indicates as followed.In the Northern Song Dynasty,Pyankung city of the Central Plains Cultural District took the role of the cultural developing center,taking the Southeast Cultural Area and West Sichuan Cultural Area as the two main parallel developing area of the east and west wings.In Contrast,the Pavilion development in Jinghu Cultural District,Guangdong and Guangxi Cultural District was relatively weak.However,The center of gravity of the architectural culture of the Southern Song Dynasty migrated eastwards and southwards,forming Southeast Cultural District as the cultural center,Jinghu Cultural District and Guangdong and Guangxi Cultural District leaping into the main developing area,and West Sichuan Cultural Area developed slowly compared with the period of Northern Song Dynasty.Through the analysis of the developing status,urban distribution characteristics and building types of Pavilion architecture in five cultural districts,three socio-cultural implications of the development of pavilion architecture in Song Dynasties are revealed,that is,the manifestation of people's livelihood,social enlightenment site and public recreational places.Starting from the functions of pavilions in the construction of urban and rural vision network,conservation of daily life and water conservancy,this paper reveals the people's livelihood thought of celebrating good governance and improving people's benefit of pavilion construction in Song Dynasties.In the construction of urban and rural vision network based on the macro-regional scale level,officials in Song Dynasties achieve the communication and dialogue between the ancient city and four-way natural and humanistic landscape through the construction of the Si-wang Ting on the important spatial nodes like on the wall of ancient cities,on the top of famous mountains inside the ancient city and suburban mountains.Jing Ting(the well or spring pavilions),Qiao Ting(bridge pavilions)and Yi Ting,which are closely associated with the themes of basic living facilities construction and road facilities construction,implicates the officials' wisdom and experience in human settlements construction.In addition,the construction activities of pavilion building in Song Dynasties are closely related to the construction of urban and rural water conservancy,especially with the construction of canals,lakes and ponds.From the analysis of the cases to the summary of cultural connotation,the paper tries to break the cognitive limitation of pavilion architecture as a landscape skit and reunderstand its important architectural and cultural functions in urban and rural construction.The top-down social enlightenment system of pavilion architecture in Song Dynasties has been discussed from three dimensions,namely,from the aspect of national etiquette and political education,the customs and culture construction of the local society and from the cultural revitalization of individual family.It reveals the deep relationship between the cultural development of Pavilion architecture and the national etiquette culture,clan culture as well as Confucian revival.First of all,it expounds the important functions played by the public pavilion buildings in the implementation of the national etiquette,the decentralization of etiquette and the propaganda of Confucian thoughts through analyzing the decree and legal instruction of Xuanzhao and Banchun pavilions,the benevolent integrity education of pavilions of Free Life Pool and the enlightenment of etiquette-music cultural view of the shooting garden pavilions.Secondly,the enlightening connotations of pavilions in the local society are stated such as persuading farmers to growing crops of Quannong Ting,respecting teachers and attaching importance to education of the pavilions in schools or Academies;and memorizing the sages and advocating their virtue of pavilions of sage relics.Finally,the pavilion architecture like Zupu Ting,Mu Ting(Tomb Pavilion)and Pavilions of filial piety were established to revitalize the family or the unity clan.They play an essential role in the Clan's ethics and moral education.The excavation of the enlightenment connotations of pavilion architecture in Song Dynasties is of great guiding significance to the revitalization of rural culture and the construction of urban and rural spiritual civilization.Based on the analysis of the socio-cultural background of the popularity of social intercourse and having fun with the citizens in Song Dynasties,the aesthetic connotations of pavilion architecture are revealed by analyzing the types of pavilion-gardening touring spatial environment and the recreational activities in Song Dynasties.The types of pavilion-gardening touring spatial environment are induced,which contains the following five sections,such as the governmental pavilion-gardens designed for the officials' recreation in their space time,the pavilion-gardens located at the famous mountains for landscape appreciation,the lakepavilions with spacious horizon,the river-pavilion with horizontal and far-reaching spatial experience,and the private pavilion-gardens for self-reliance.It expounds three aesthetic cultural connotations of the literati's pavilion-activities in Song Dynasties,for example,considering it as ways to adjust the internal temperament,to gain the teaching of heaven and earth,and to have fun with the public people.That reveals the characteristics and era spirit of pavilion-gardening activities of Song Dynasties.The three ideological themes of pavilion architectural culture like thinking for people's livelihood,advocating architectural enlightenment and recreational activities are the indication of the social-cultural life and the spirit of the age.Furthermore,it also echoes to the hot issues of Urban and Rural construction such as the promotion of health human settlement,Park City Strategy and Rural Cultural Revitalization.Therefore,it contains the cultural significance across the times.This is the motive of this research to throw bricks and lead the jade. |
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