Phylogeny And Taxonomy Of Cimbicidae(Hymenoptera:Tenthredinoidea)

The Cimbicidae is a phytophagous small family belongs to Hymenoptera,Symphyta,Tenthredinoidea,which is a group mainly distributed in Holarctic and Oriental Realm,only partly genera are endemic in the Neotropical Region.Most species of Cimbicidae feed on Xylophyta plants,and many species of larvae are important pests of agriculture,forestry and horticultural plants.Compared with the other Symphyta,the number of species of Cimbicidae is not high,but the genus differentiation and diversity are more prominent,with significant morphological differences among genera.It is one of the important basic work and hot research fields in the field of biosystematics to summarize and determine taxa across regions and to reconstruct the evolutionary history of taxa by integrating morphological characteristics and mitochondrial genome information.At present,there are still some problems to be solved in the field of the systematics of Cimbicidae.The aim of this paper is to clarify the genealogical evolutionary relationship of the Cimbicidae,to establish a new taxonomic system and to determine the species of Cimbicidae.Firstly,the phylogenetic cladograms of the Cimbicidae were obtained by 121 morphological characters which were identified based on comparative morphological methods in TNT 1.5 software.Based on 12 unsaturated protein-coding genes(PCGs)mitochondrial genomes and COI gene,the molecular phylogenetic tree was constructed by Maximum Likelihood(ML)and Bayesian(BI)methods.Morphological and molecular phylogenetic tree results showed that:4 subfamilies and all genera of Cimbicidae are monophyletic,the clade Pachylostictinae+Corynidinae is retrieved as the sister group to Abiinae+Cimbicinae.The topological structure confirmed that four genera of Abiinae,Abia,Allabia,Orientabia and Zaraea are valid genera taxa.The clade of Cimbicinae was divided into two branches,the clade of Odonotocimbex+(Agenocimbex+(Cimbex+(Palaeocimbex +Asicimbex)))is retrieved as the sister group to(Pseudoclavellaria+Leptocimbex)+((Trichiosoma+Asitrichiosoma)+(Labriocimbex+Praia)),each genus is monophyletic.The new genus of Asicimbex gen.nov.is identified as monophyletic group separate from the clade of Agenocimbex,Palaeocimbex is also a monophyletic group independent of Cimbex,the subgenus Asitrichiosoma and Trichiosoma are two independent monophyletic groups in Cimbicinae.Based on the monophyletic grouping principle and the integration of morphological and molecular information,a new taxonomic system is proposed for Cimbicidae as follows:the family is divided into 4 subfamilies,5 tribes and 21 genera.Among them,Cimbicinae includes 5 tribes and 11 genera,which are Agenocimbicini tribe nov.,only 1 genus:Agenocimbex Rohwer,1910;Cimbicini,includes 3 genera:Asicimbex Yan&Wei gen.nov.,Cimbex Oliver,1790,Palaeocimbex Semenov,1935;Odontocimbicini tribe nov.,only 1 genus:Odontocimbex Malaise,1934;Trichiosomini,includes 4 genera:Trichiosoma Leach,1817,Asitrichiosoma Malaise,1939,Labriocimbex Yan&Wei,2019;Praia Wankowicz,1880;Leptocimbicini tribe nov.,includes 2 genera:Leptocimbex Semenov,1896,Pseudoclavellaria Schulz,1906,respectively.Abiinae includes 4 genera,which are Abia Leach,1817,Allbia Semenov&Gussakovskij,1937,Orientabia Malaise,1934,Zaraea Leach,1817,respectively.Corynidinae includes 1 genus:Corynis Thunberg,1789.Pachylostictinae includes 4 genera,which are Brasilabia Conde,1937,Lopesiana Smith,1988,Pachylosticta Klug,1824,Pseudopachylosticta Mallach,1929,Pseudabia Schrottky,1910,respectively.Secondly,the taxonomy of Cimbicidae is also studied in detail in the thesis.We collate and stipulate the species of Cimbicidae from East Asia systematically.The identification characteristics of the family,subfamilies,tribes and genera are provided.Keys to known genera of the family in the East Asia and known species are given separately.Sorting out catalog and distribution in the East Asia are provided.Totally 175 species belonging to 4 subfamilies,17 genera and 5 tribes are recorded.Two new genera were established(one of which was published in 2019),two subgenera were promoted to genus,76 new species were described,10 new combinations were established,and 3 new synonyms of species were proposed.The taxonomic features of the new species and most of the known species were described in detail,such as body color,puncture,microsculpture,body hair,head,thorax,abdomen.We also provide the plate of the main taxonomic characteristics of 170 species.The followings are lists of new genus,new species,new combinations,new synonyms and new classification level.1.New genus:Asicimbex Yan&Wei gen.nov.;Labriocimbex Yan&Wei,2019.2.Subgenus are promoted to genus:Asitrichiosoma Malaise,1939,stat.nov.,formerly a subgenus of the genus Semenov,1935,stat.nov.,formerly a subgenus of the genus Cimbex.3.New species:Abia bimaculcata Yan&Wei sp.nov.;A.coriaceous Yan&Wei sp.nov.;A.fengyangshana Yan&Wei sp.nov.;A.hyalinoptera Yan&Wei sp.nov.;A.japonica Yan&Wei sp.nov.;A.liui Yan&Wei sp.nov.;A.nigrocorpus Yan&Wei sp.nov.;A.rugosula Yan&Wei sp.nov.;A.xingana Yan&Wei sp.nov.;Allabia tibetana Yan&Wei sp.nov.;Zaraea elongata Yan&Wei sp.nov.;Z gansuensis Yan&Wei sp.nov.;Z xiaoi Yan&Wei sp.nov.;Z yunshana Yan&Wei sp.nov.;Z dengi Yan&Wei sp.nov.;Z infumata Yan&Wei sp.nov.;Z.nieae Yan&Wei sp.nov.;Z zhaojun Yan&Wei sp.nov.;Z bomeica Yan&Wei sp.nov.;Z rufocaudata Yan&Wei sp.nov.;Z incisa Yan&Wei sp,nov.;Z.nigritarsis Yan&Wei sp.nov.;Z tianmunica Yan&Wei sp.nov.;Z.yangi Yan&Wei sp.nov.;Z.zhui Yan&Wei sp.nov.;Z.nigritibialis Yan&Wei sp.nov.;Z sulcata Yan&Wei sp.nov.;Z.wading Yan&Wei sp.nov.;Z wui Yan&Wei sp.nov.;Z.zejiani Yan&Wei sp.nov.;Z.liurushi Yan&Wei sp.nov.;Agenocimbex sinicus Yan&Wei sp.nov.;Asicimbex concavicaputus Yan&Wei sp.nov.;A.latistriatus Yan&Wei sp.nov.;A.nanjingensis Yan&Wei sp.nov.;Palaeocimbex shuxinae Yan&Wei sp.nov.;Praia nigrocingulae Yan&Wei sp.nov.;Asitrichiosoma brevicorne Yan&Wei sp.nov.;A.bomei Yan&Wei sp.now.;A.gansuense Yan&Wei sp.nov.;A.nigropilosis Yan&Wei sp.nov.;A.omei Yan&Wei sp.nov.;A.poecilomallosis Yan&Wei sp.nov.;A.shennong Yan&Wei sp.nov;A.sinense Yan&Wei sp.nov.;Trichiosoma leucopilosum Yan&Wei sp.nov.;Labriocimbex brevigenatus Yan&Wei,sp.nov.;L.leucopilosus Yan&Wei,sp.nov.;L.xanthopilosus Yan&Wei,sp.nov.;Leptocimbex gongshana Yan&Wei,sp.nov.;L.longivertexila Yan&Wei,sp.nov.;L.nigrostriata Yan&Wei,sp.nov.;L.sinicus Yan&Wei,sp.nov.;L.carinatus Yan&Wei sp.nov.;L.metallocoxus Yan&Wei sp.nov.;L.rufopodus Yan&Wei sp.nov.;L.trimaculatus Yan&Wei sp.nov.;L.deqinicus Yan&Wei sp.nov.;L.parallela Yan&Wei sp.nov.;L.tricinctata Yan&Wei sp.nov.;L.xini Yan&Wei sp.nov.;L.latistriatus Yan&Wei sp.nov.;L.sulcilis Yan&Wei sp.nov.;L.wufengensis Yan&Wei sp.nov.;L.yaniae Yan&Wei sp.nov.;L.yunshanus Yan&Wei sp.nov.;L.praiaformis Yan&Wei sp.nov;L.bituberculata Yan&Wei sp.nov.;L.nigrotegularis Yan&Wei sp.nov.;L.tongi Yan&Wei sp.nov.;L.clavicornis Yan&Wei sp.nov.;L erythropleura Yan&Wei sp.nov.;L.erythrotibia Yan&Wei sp.nov.;L.xiaoi Yan&Wei sp.nov.;Corynis alanshanica Yan&Wei sp.nov.;C.zhengi Yan&Wei sp.nov.4.New combinations:Asicimbex elminus(Li&Wu,2003)comb.nov.;Asicimbex eous(Semenov,1935)comb.nov.;Asicimbex ulmusvorus(Yang,1996)comb.nov.;Palaeocimbex crataegum(Huang et Zhou,1997)comb.nov.;Asitrichiosoma anthracinum(F orsius,1930)comb.nov.;Asitrichiosoma bombiforme(Takeuchi,1939)comb.nov.;Asitrichiosoma himalayanum(Malaise,1939)comb.nov.;Asitrichiosoma sikkimense(Konow,1897)comb.nov.;Labriocimbex zaraeoides(Malaise,1939)comb.nov.5.New synonyms:Orientabia sinica Wei&Yan,2010 syn.cor.=Orientabia coreana(Takeuchi,1927);Pseudoclavellaria(Clavrllaria)beijingensis Huang,1992 syn.cor.=Praia ussuriensis Malaise,1939;Abia hainanensis Huang,1992 syn.cor.=Abia pulcherrima Mallach,1930.