| The planthopper superfamily Fulgoridae(Hemiptera:Auchenorrhyncha)is an important herbivorous insect species and pests in agriculture and forest,causing great losses to agricultural and forestry production.China is one of the countries that is the richest in Fulgoridae and has ample geographical distribution data available,which provide a good fundament for the study of species diversity patterns and prediction of species suitable habitat areas.In this study,we first established a species distribution database of Fulgoroidae in China,and then analyzed the patterns of species richness and endemicity and evaluated the causes for their formation.Moreover,the suitable habitat area in current and future(2050s and 2070s)of the six important fulgorid pests in agriculture and forestry,Nilaparvata lugens,Sogatella furcifera,Laodelphax striatellus,Dentatissus damnosa,Ricania speculum,and Geisha distinctissima,were predicted.The main results are as follows:1.Construction of a species distribution database of Fulgoridae in ChinaThe 14722 distribution records of 1335 species from 16 families of superfamily Fulgoridae in China were collected to establish a database of species distribution database.The number of species in the database accounts for 87.5%of the predicted species number using species accumulation curve.Moreover,the number of species was≥82.7%of the predicted species richness based on the linear regression models.These results reflect a good sampling degree.The number of species and distribution sites of Delphacidae,Cixiidae,and Issidae were significantly higher than those of other families,with 421 species and 7796 distribution records in Delphacidae,185 species and 1049 distribution records in Cixiidae,and 172 species and 1383 distribution records in Issidae.The number of species of Derbidae,Achilidae,Dictyopharidae,and Flatidae are 130,121,53,53 respectively,and the corresponding distribution records are 1020,376,523,and 579,respectively.The number of species of Tropiduchidae,Ricaniidae,Caliscelidae,and Fulgoridae are 52,32,26,23 respectively,and the corresponding distribution records are 570,527,220,and 173,respectively.The number of species of Lophopidae,Meenoplidae,Eurybrachidae,Kinnaridae,and Nogodinidae are 18,16,13,11,and 9 respectively,and the corresponding distribution records are 95,159,104,100,and 48,respectively.2.The relationships between species richness pattern of Fulgoridae in China and environmental variablesIn order to analyze the species richness patterns of Fulgoridae and each family(a total of 16 families)in China,China was divided into 1°×1°grid size,and the number of species of Fulgoridae and each family in each grid was counted,respectively.Overall,spatial species richness patterns in Fulgoridae were unevenly distributed,the species richness in the area between the south of the Yellow River and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is significantly higher than that in other areas,especially in the Taiwan Island,the Hainan Island,southern Yunnan,the eastern Yungui Plateau,the western Qinling Mountains,and the southeast Mountains.Species richness patterns of each family were different to some extent.Ordinary least squares models,spatial error simultaneous autoregressive models,and model averaging were used to assess the relationships between species richness of Fulgoridae and each family(a total of 11 families)and fifteen environmental variables.This study shows that the mean annual temperature change since the Last Glacial Maximum,mean annual temperature,and net primary productivity.are superior to other environmental variables in controlling the current richness patterns of Fulgoridae.It also shows that the dominant environmental factors that affect the species richness patterns of each family are different.Specifically,the species richness patterns of Delphacidae,Achilidae,Tropiduchidae,Dictyopharidae,and Ricaniidae were most strongly affected by mean annual temperature change since the Last Glacial Maximum,and the richness patterns of Issidae,Flatidae,and Caliscelidae are mainly associated with net primary productivity.Additionally,species richness patterns of Cixiidae and Derbidae are the most correlated with mean annual temperature,and species richness patterns of Meenoplidae are mainly associated with mean annual precipitation and gross domestic product.3.Centers of endemism and areas of endemism of Fulgoridae in China and underlying mechanismBased on the 6907 distribution records for 860 endemic Fulgoridae species(only recorded in China),the endemic species richness and weighted endemism values in each 1°×1°grid were calculated to visualize the spatial distribution patterns of endemism.We select grids with the top 5%of the endemic richness and weight weighted endemism as endemism centers.Therefore,six centers of endemism located in mountainous areas were identified:Taiwan Island,Hainan Island,eastern Yungui Plateau,Wuyi Mountains,western Qinling Mountains,and western Yunnan.We also delimited six areas of endemism at 1°,1.5°,and 2°grid sizes,using unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means,parsimony analysis of endemicity,and endemicity analysis,which were generally consistent with centers of endemism.The formation of endemism centers and areas of endemism may be due to the complexity of mountainous areas,which is expected to increase the amount of habitat diversity,increases available niche space,and promotes the speciation and coexistence of species.Mountainous areas have long-term climate stability,which is conducive to the persistence of relict lineages,specialization,speciation,and reduction of extinction probability.Additionally,geological events such as orogenic processes and volcanic eruptions in mountainous areas can create geographical isolation and promote speciation.We also found that the dispersal ability in planthoppers and diversity patterns of host plants may are responsible for high endemism in the mountainous areas.4.The current and future suitable habitat area of the six important fulgorid pests in agriculture and forestryThe species distribution model with the highest AUC value(the best model)was selected from the Random Forest,Max Ent,GLM,and Domain models to predict the current and future suitable habitat area(2050s and 2070s)in China of six important fulgorid pests in agriculture and forestry.The obtained suitable habitat area is divided into unsuitable habitat area,low habitat suitability area,moderate habitat suitability area,and high habitat suitability area.The results suggested that at present,the habitat suitability areas for Nilaparvata lugens,Sogatella furcifera,Laodelphax striatellus,Dentatissus damnosa,Ricania speculum,and Geisha distinctissima are 3.06×10~6 km~2,4.16×10~6 km~2,2.02×10~6 km~2,4.36×10~6 km~2,1.76×10~6km~2,and 1.13×10~6 km~2,respectively.The suitable suitability area of Dentatissus damnosa was distributed all over the country.The suitable suitability area of Nilaparvata lugens,Sogatella furcifera,Laodelphax striatellus,and Ricania speculum were mainly located in the region between the south of the Yellow River and east of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,while the suitable suitability area of Geisha distinctissima were mainly distributed in the region between the south of the Yangtze River and east of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.In 2050s and 2070s,the main distribution range of the habitat suitability area of six species was basically the same as the present,and the suitable suitability area and different levels of suitable suitability area have changed.The habitat suitability area in2050s and 2070s of Nilaparvata lugens,Sogatella furcifera,and Laodelphax striatellus were reduced by 1.3-38.61%,and the low habitat suitability area in 2050s and 2070s of these three species were decreased by 0.33-49.59%.The moderate habitat suitability area of Nilaparvata lugens decreased by 7.63%in 2050s and increased by 8.43%in2070.The moderate habitat suitability area of Sogatella furcifera increased by 55.37%in 2050s and 56.19%in the 2070s.The moderate habitat suitability area of Laodelphax striatellus decreased by 67.42%in the 2050s and 22.98%in the 2070s.In 2050s and2070s,the high habitat suitability area of the Nilaparvata lugens increased by 70.1%and 20.73%,respectively,while that of the Sogatella furcifera and Laodelphax striatellus decreased by 47.27-81.81%.In 2050s and 2070s,the habitat suitability area of Ricania speculum and Geisha distinctissima increased by 14.2-51.32%.The low habitat suitability area of these two species showed different patterns of change.Specifically,the low habitat suitability area of the Ricania speculum decreased by 41.1%in 2050s and 2.75%in 2070s,while the low habitat suitability area of the Geisha distinctissima increased by 27.08%in 2050s and decreased by 29.27%in 2070s.The moderate and high habitat suitability area of Ricania speculum and Geisha distinctissima increased by 26.12-1030.21%.The habitat suitability area of Dentatissus damnosa increased by 1.92%in 2050s,and decreased by 16.97%in 2070s.The low habitat suitability area of Dentatissus damnosa decreased by 24.03%in 2050s and48.55%in 2070s,while the habitat suitability area increased by 19.42%and 137.26%in 2050s and 2070s,respectively.The change patterns of moderate habitat suitability area were consistent with that of the suitable area,increasing by 27.1%in 2050s,and decreasing by 36.14%in 2070s.The monitoring of pests should be strengthened in habitat suitability area,especially in high habitat suitability area,so that targeted and reasonable control measures can be formulated to reduce the loss of agricultural and forestry production. |
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