| The effective examination is a persistent topic in education while the washback effects is a lasting phenomenon in the examination.This study sets a precedence for employing a complex dynamic system theory perspective,as well as a combined use of theoretical research,empirical research and empirical study to comprehensively explore all aspects of washback effects in the Singapore-Cambridge GCE O-Level Chinese examinations construct.The goal of this paper is to elucidate new ideas on the study of washback effects,explore its generation and development mechanism,and identify correct countermeasures to enhance the positive washback effects.This paper constitutes 13 chapters and is divided into four parts:Part 1 of the paper(Chapters 1 and 2)consists of introduction and literature review.Chapter 1 introduction encapsulates the inspiration,background,research ideas,content,significance,methods,and technical choices of this study.Chapter 2literature review provides the theoretical basis of the study and defends the value this study by pointing out gaps in existing literature.The chapter begins with first detailing the background of dynamic system theory,its fundamental viewpoints,research methods,and research principles.Subsequently,the chapter investigates the relationships between dynamic system theory and complex sciences,introduces predominate schools of thoughts and theories in complex sciences,and describes the characteristics of the complex dynamic system.It also elaborates on the content and attributes of language testing and consolidates the relationship between language testing,language teaching and language education.Finally,the chapter concludes by defining the concept and research focus of washback effects as well as summarizing the research foci and the state of theoretical and empirical research in washback effects.Part 2 of the paper(Chapters 3 and 4)focuses on theoretical research and the construction of framework in washback effects system.Studying the washback effects system from the perspectives of dynamic system theory,Chapter 3 explains the concept of washback effects system;analyses the characteristics of the washback effects system;refines the research perspectives and methods;clarifies the main research functions,environments,structures and elements of the system;explains the relationship between environment and systems before distilling environment classifications and characteristics.Chapter 4 interprets and constructs the framework of washback effects system.Through drawing on previous research findings and standing on a new perspective of dynamic system theory,the study deconstructs the system after obtaining an overall grasp of the system.Next,the basic framework of the washback effects system is reconstructed using the metaphor,extraordinarily large black boxes,simplification,macro and micro perspectives.This study suggests that the washback effects system is mainly implemented by the main integrated system of the executive function.Its operations are supported by the power sub-integration system.A set of people with demand aggregates and manages the entire system's control integration system.The main component of the washback effects system is people,regardless of whether it is the analysis of the main integrated system or the exploration of the sub-integrated system,the study of the main component cannot be dispensed with.After deep analyses of the relationship between subject activity and system elements,this paper further furnished the main integrated system model and sub-integrated system model.This part of the work provides guidance for the next phase of the focus and also expands the theoretical study of washback effects.Based on experiential and empirical research as well as the constructed theoretical framework built in Part 2,Part 3 of the paper(Chapter 5 to 10)consists of a detailed study of the washback effects system of the Singapore-Cambridge GCE OLevel Chinese examinations.Chapter 5 provides a comprehensive description of the system environment of the Chinese examination washback effects,investigating the dynamic evolution path of the coupling and coordination between the system and the environment.Chapter 6 analyses the functionalities of the Chinese examination washback effects system and outlines the unit composition model of the entire system on the basis of an in-depth investigation of the system composition.Beginning with the main body of the system,Chapter 7 explores the main integration system and builds its structural and associated models.Chapter 8 centres on the driven subintegrated systems,analyzing the composition and role of the desired washback effects system.Here,the decision-making medium of the system is discussed,and the composition of the desired module is defined.In addition,Chapter 8 also describes the construction of the examination and test papers of the Chinese language examinations in question and reveals the mechanisms for generating the desired drivers of system activation.Starting from Chapter 9,thorough discussions are given to the transmission of the sub-integrated systems.The chapter first investigates the processes and mechanisms of the washback effect system in Chinese examinations and concludes that the desired driver is indeed a positive catalyst required for system operation.The chapter then examines the Chinese language quality transmission module,focusing on system power generation and transmission of the validity and reliability sub-modules.Findings include the transmission mode of the washback network connection which is contingent on the decision-making evaluation based on the feedback of the master integrated system technology.Chapter 10 examines the module on language education and evaluates the linguistic and pedagogical perspectives on language examination system,teaching system and examination preparation system.The chapter also elucidates on the phenomenon of entropy increase and the process of contradiction emergence in the examination preparation system.The chapter reveals that the source of motivation of the language education module stems from the inconsistency between examination and teaching –the positive and negative drivers in the network transmission is the result of the relationship between language education module pedagogical decision.Chapter 11 concerns the risk specificity of the social weight transmission module.The chapter lists the influences of direct and indirect risk on educational decision making and explains the production mechanisms behind the effects of risk management and the influence of risk reemergence.Finally,the chapter expounds on the complex transmission mechanism of the concurrent generation,prevention and control,as well as transfer and synthesis of risks,and points out the holistic impact that the power transfer of the social weight module has on the operation and evolution of the washback effects system.Part 4 of the paper(Chapters 12 and 13)is the summary and future research prospects.Chapter 12 is a summary of the washback effect of the SingaporeCambridge GCE O-Level Chinese examination.The power supply network model and the operational mechanism model of the system are constructed with the consolidated operating mechanism of the system as the foundation.It is revealed that the emergence and change of the washback effect are related to the consciousness of the subject,decision-making,educational system and social environment,through further analysis of the positive washback effect and the desired washback effect.Six suggestions are put forward to promote the positive washback effect of the SingaporeCambridge GCE O-Level Chinese examination.Chapter 13 is the conclusion,which summarizes the main research results and innovations of this paper,and prospects for the future research direction. |
PDF Full Text Request