The Early Warning And Response Of College Students' Academic Failure

Academic failure(AF)refers to students' low academic performance and failure to achieve the expected educational goals in a specific stage of education,which can be shown as failing in exams,failing grades,dropping out of school,etc.At present,college students' academic failure is very common(the prevalence is between 15% and53%),which will not only cause certain psychological distress to students,and problems for family and society,but also lead to the waste of educational resources and time.Therefore,higher education institution should attach importance to and establish academic failure warning to help students with learning difficulties and poor academic performance,relieve psychological pressure and boost learning confidence.This study will systematically explore the warning and response of college students' academic failure.This paper consists of five studies and eight sub-studies.Study 1: Bibliometrics analysis of college students' academic failure.The study 1 aims to explore the current research status and research frontiers in the field of college students' academic failure,and determine the cooperation network.Based on the web of Science database,3784 published articles in the field from 2001 to 2020 met the criteria.Visual bibliometric analysis of active countries,institutions,journals,authors,literatures,and keywords in this field was performed using Citespace.The results showed that the number of articles published in the field of college students' academic failure has increased year by year in the past two decades,and there is still great potential in the field.The recent burst of key words("resilience","engagement" and "disability")and references suggest the trends in this field.Academic achievement,intervention,prediction,and disability are the current research hotspots in the field,among which academic achievement,intervention and prediction are related to the warning of academic failure.The study 2 is the compilation of early-warning tools for college students' academic failure.Study 2a explores the main warning factors of college students' academic failure.Forty college students with different grades,genders,professional backgrounds,ages,and grades were selected as the interviewees.The data were collected by in-depth interview method and analyzed by Nvivo11.0 qualitative analysis software.The results showed that the main early warning factors of college students' academic failure included learning motivation and academic self-discipline.Among them,learning motivation includes learning attitude,professional interest and learning objectives,aiming at the problem of "want to learn or not";Academic self-discipline includes selfinvolvement,self-restraint,and concentration,aiming at the question of "can do it or not" when studying.In study 2b,the Early Warning Scale of Academic Failure for College Students was developed based on the results of study 2a,with 2505 college students as subjects.Through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis,it was found that there were 25 items in the Early Warning Scale of Academic Failure for College Students,which included learning motivation and academic self-discipline.Learning motivation included learning attitude,learning goal and professional interest.Academic self-discipline included three dimensions of self-involvement,self-restraint,and concentration.The fitting index of the scale structure was good,and its internal consistency reliability was 0.92,retest reliability was 0.85,and split reliability was 0.90.The correlation validity was 0.65 for "College Students' Learning Satisfaction Scale",0.67 for "College Students' Academic Delay Satisfaction Scale",and 0.51 for College Students' CET-4 scores.The discriminative validity of high and low groups was significant.The total score and the score of each dimension of the Early Warning Scale of Academic Failure for College Students are significantly higher than those who fail in the examination.The Early Warning Scale of Academic Failure for College Students has good reliability and validity and can be used for early identification and screening of college students at risk of academic failure.Study 3: The effectiveness of early warning of college students' academic failure.This study discusses the effectiveness of early warning of college students' academic failure by examining the predictability of the Early Warning Scale of Academic Failure for College Students.One month before the exam,the Early Warning Scale of Academic Failure for College Students was conducted for 70 college students,and the failure situation and the score of the scale in the exam one month later were plotted into receiver Operator characteristic curve(ROC).The area under the ROC curve(AUC)was taken as the predictive index of the Early Warning Scale of Academic Failure for College Students.The closer the ROC curve is to the upper left corner,that is,the larger the AUC is,the higher the prediction accuracy of the scale is.The results showed that the area under the curve AUC of the total score was 0.91,which was highly predictive.The area under the curve of the sub-dimensions of the scale was between0.8-0.90,and the predictability was also within the acceptable range.Overall,the Early Warning Scale of Academic Failure for College Students can effectively predict the academic failure of college students,indicating that it can give early warning to the academic failure of college students.Study 4: The mechanism of college students' academic failure after receiving academic warning.In study 4a,22 college students who failed two or more make-up exams(or retake)after receiving the academic warning were selected as the interview objects by qualitative research method and "targeted sampling".Nvivo11.0 qualitative analysis software was used to analyze the interview data.To explore the main influencing factors and influencing paths of this kind of college students' academic failure again.The results showed that the main influencing factors of secondary academic failure were negative coping style,low perseverance,and high learning burnout.Among them,negative coping styles affect low perseverance and learning burnout,while low perseverance affects learning burnout,which directly leads to academic failure again.In study 4b,the influence mechanism of negative coping style on academic failure of college students was explored.783 college students were selected as subjects,and the data were collected by negative coping style Scale,Student Perseverance Scale(college students' version),Learning Burnout Scale and Early Warning Scale of Academic Failure for College Students.The results showed that perseverance and learning burnout played a complete chain mediating role between negative coping style and academic failure.Among them,the negative coping style of college students affects their academic failure through the mediating effect of perseverance;The negative coping styles of college students influence their academic failure through the mediating effect of learning burnout;The negative coping style of college students affects their academic failure through the chain mediating effect of perseverance and learning burnout.Study 5: The mechanism of college students' successful coping with academic failure after receiving academic warning.The study 5a using qualitative research method,based on "purposeful sampling",select 20 college students who passed two or more make-up exams(or retake)and did not fail the new subjects after receiving the academic warning were selected as the interviewees.The combination of appreciation inquiry and depth interview method was adopted to collect data,the focus of the interview from the need to solve the problem was transferred to how to build the advantage,overcome stress and academic failure.Nvivo11.0 qualitative analysis software was used to analyze the interview data and explore the main influencing factors and influencing paths of successful coping with academic failure of this type of students.The results showed that the main factors that affect college students who successfully coping with academic failure after receiving the academic warning are positive coping style,high perseverance,and high academic self-efficacy.Among them,positive coping style affects high perseverance and high academic self-efficacy,high perseverance affects high academic self-efficacy,and high academic self-efficacy can avoid students' academic failure again.Study 5b explored the influence of positive coping styles on academic failure of college students.778 college students were selected as subjects,and the data were collected by using positive coping Styles Scale,Student Perseverance Scale(college students version),College Students' Academic Self-efficacy Scale and the Early Warning Scale of Academic Failure for College Students.The results showed that perseverance and academic self-efficacy played a complete chain mediating role between positive coping style and academic failure.Among them,the positive coping style of college students affects their academic failure through the mediating effect of perseverance;The positive coping style of college students affects their academic failure through the mediating effect of academic self-efficacy;The positive coping style of college students affects their academic failure through the chain mediating effect of perseverance and academic self-efficacy.The following conclusions can be drawn under the conditions of this study:(1)In the past two decades,the number of articles published in the field of college students' academic failure has increased year by year,and there is still great potential in this field."resilience","engagement" and "disability" are the research trends in the field of college students' academic failure.Academic achievement,intervention,prediction,and disability are the current research hotspots in the field of college students' academic failure.Among them,academic achievement,intervention,and prediction are all related to the warning of academic failure.(2)The main early warning factors of college students' academic failure include learning motivation and academic self-discipline.Among them,learning motivation includes learning attitude,professional interest and learning objectives,aiming at the problem of "want to learn or not";Academic self-discipline includes self-involvement,self-restraint,and concentration,aiming at the question of "can do it or not" when studying.(3)The Early Warning of Academic Failure for college Students conforms to the psychometrics requirements.(4)The Early Warning of Academic Failure for college Students can effectively forewarn college students' academic failure in advance.(5)Negative coping style,low perseverance and high learning burnout are the main influencing factors of students who encountering secondary academic failure after receiving academic warning.(6)Perseverance and learning burnout play a complete chain mediating role between negative coping style and academic failure.(7)The main influencing factors of successfully coping with academic failure after receiving academic warning are positive coping style,high perseverance,and high academic self-efficacy.(8)Perseverance and academic self-efficacy play a complete chain mediating role between positive coping style and academic failure.