| Since the concept of artificial intelligence was put forward at the Dartmouth Conference in 1956,60 years of history have gone through as well as several ups and downs.Driven by new theories and technologies such as mobile Internet,big data,cloud computing,sensor network,brain science as well as the strong demand of economic and social development in recent years,artificial intelligence ushered in another development climax.People are full of enthusiasm and interest in artificial intelligence,some even have been discussing whether we are already moving towards the era of singularity where artificial intelligence surpasses human intelligence.The theory of artificial intelligence is based on abstract philosophical thinking with the essence of how to make computer simulate what human intelligence does.The concepts of intelligence,consciousness,mind,thinking and free will that artificial intelligence cares are all concepts repeatedly discussed on the history of philosophy.At the current stage,the research of artificial intelligence can not be isolated from philosophy.However,most of the current research on artificial intelligence stays on the “meta problem” of artificial intelligence where few people go back to the philosophy of the development of artificial intelligence to search the answer.The revival of artificial intelligence is driven by the rapid development of algorithms,computing power and data.However,the philosophical theory of artificial intelligence has not made a leap-over development in the past 50 years,and the old philosophical topics are still in abeyance.The rapid development of artificial intelligence technology and its own philosophical and theoretical basis present an unbalanced development trend.The current situation based on a one-sided viewpoint in artificial intelligence must seek the help of philosophy.It is the emergence of artificial intelligence that makes us better understand ourselves and explore the essence of human being.This paper re-examines artificial intelligence from the perspective of philosophy,considers the present artificial intelligence possesses the ability of super information storage,super operation and analysis speed and super logic thinking.However,there are obvious defects in the aspects of feasibility of AI's theoretical framework,semanticity and intentionality,etc..Proving that it is difficult to build artificial intelligence like human intelligence from the perspective of philosophy and makes it clear that machine consciousness has insurmountable difficulties in judging standards and feasibility.By using (?)i(?)ek's Subjectivity Theory,this paper expounds the uniqueness of human consciousness from the perspective of the difference between subject and person,emphasizes the essential difference between human intelligence and artificial intelligence,and shows that man-machine collaboration is the essential way to develop artificial intelligence in the future.This paper first reviews the origin of the concept of intelligence in the history of philosophy,summarizes the speculation and research on human mind therein,analyzes the concept of artificial intelligence and clarifies the relationship between artificial intelligence and cognitive science and explains why the research of artificial intelligence at this stage cannot be isolated from philosophy.Taking three man-machine games as the starting point,combs the three waves in the development history of artificial intelligence,presents a historical perspective for the basic thought of artificial intelligence science,and analyzes a pattern that appears repeatedly in the field of artificial intelligence which is great success in the early stage are always followed by sudden difficulties.Secondly,this paper discusses the internal exploration approach of artificial intelligence.This paper holds that there are two interlaced routes in computer science:The theoretical route of computer can be traced back to Turing while the engineering route originated from John von Neuman.Turing's computable theory paves the theoretical way for the development of artificial intelligence.We reveal the limitations of computer ability by examining the primeval basis of computer and arguing whether all things are Turing machines.Von Neumann's computer logical structure provides technical support for the development of artificial intelligence.His comparison between the computer and the brain also enlightens us to discuss the essential difference between human intelligence and artificial intelligence.It is on the basis of Turing and von Neumann's researches that artificial intelligence came into being.Distinguished between research programs,we summarize the mainstream viewpoints,technical approaches and development bottlenecks of the most representative schools of artificial intelligence,such as Symbolicism,Connectionism and Actionism,and introduce the latest development achievements of artificial intelligence.We believe that the theoretical support of each school of artificial intelligence is the crux of problems.Thirdly,this paper makes a sober reflection on artificial intelligence from the perspective of philosophy.Through the analysis and discussion of some representative classical theories such as Godel's Incompleteness Theorem,Hubert Dreyfus' critique of Artificial Intelligence,Searle's “Chinese Room Argument”,etc.,the paper shows that the artificial intelligence relying on characterization is not able to present the intelligent activities that cannot be formalized or characterized.There is an impassable gulf between artificial intelligence and mind interpretation and they haven't got rid of the fate of “the machine without heart-the machine without emotion”.These arguments accurately foresee the philosophical crisis behind the prosperity of artificial intelligence and AI experts also try to absorb ideological resources from philosophy.Finally,this paper makes a philosophical analysis of artificial intelligence with Slavoj (?)i(?)ek's Subjectivity Theory.(?)i(?)ek considers that the main problem of Dreyfus' s AI criticism is that he thinks that the subject is his body directly but actually an empty space.“Who am I” is often determined by inter-subjective symbolic network which makes computers not able to realize that they are aware of it as human beings or participate in it as conscious subject.This is why computers can't be regarded as “subjects” in (?)i(?)ek's theory.Artificial intelligence is a way of thinking on how re-examine ourselves.Our inquiry of the nature of artificial intelligence should be of human existence itself.By discussing (?)i(?)ek's interpretation and criticism on the consciousness models built by Douglas Richard Hofstadter,Thomas Metzinger,Antonio Damasio,Daniel Dennett and other cognitive scientists,this paper reveals the unconscious nature of human self-consciousness and the retrospective principle of consciousness,and demonstrates that human's imperfection is the essence of human being from the perspective of Transcendentalism of Philosophy.All in all,through the calm,objective and in-depth philosophical thinking of artificial intelligence,we believe that we need not to be afraid of the arrival of the era of artificial intelligence as artificial intelligence is quite distant from threatening human beings.Artificial intelligence embodies and extends human intelligence,the main theme of the future is the cooperation between artificial intelligence and human beings.Human subjectivity is the key to human-machine cooperation.In addition,artificial intelligence is not only the fusion of various computing and intelligent technologies,human's value judgment and intelligent thinking are also integrated.Therefore,it is necessary to pay close attention to the value examination and ethical adjustment of artificial intelligence as well as being prepared for the coming era of artificial intelligence in order to make the latest achievements of artificial intelligence benefit the whole society. |
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