| Golf course is an important part of urban green space,which plays a positive role in promoting the development of golf and the recreation of urban residents.For a long time,due to the protection of land and water resources,the development of golf courses in China has been restricted by policies.Due to the lack of effective supervision,the construction and operation of golf courses are chaotic.In-depth understanding of golf course area,spatial distribution,landscape pattern and historical evolution in China is conducive to the implementation of relevant policies and scientific supervision.Taking Chinese golf courses as the research object,the paper carries out golf course target recognition and landscape elements classification.Using remote sensing data,economic data and geographic data,as well as remote sensing intelligent extraction and spatial analysis techniques,this paper discusses the spatio-temporal evolution and landscape pattern characteristics of golf courses in China at different spatial scales.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)Based on the high-resolution remote sensing image of ZY-03,the multi-scale extruded excitation network model can effectively improve the integrity and accuracy of golf course extraction,and reduce the phenomenon of omission and mismention.By using the method of object-oriented and decision tree,the automatic classification of golf course internal elements can be realized quickly and the labor cost can be greatly saved.The construction time of golf course can be effectively monitored by Landsat time series images.(2)Golf course lawn and off-fairway lawn are the main landscape types of golf courses,accounting for an average area of more than 70%.There are significant differences in landscape pattern characteristics of golf courses with different areas and types.Considering land consumption,course utilization rate and maintenance cost comprehensively,small golf courses and core golf courses have higher utilization rate and lower maintenance cost,compared with other golf courses.(3)From 2011 to 2020,there are 703 golf courses in China with a total area of66,000 hectares,including 643 in Mainland of China and 60 in Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan.By 2020,there are 527 golf courses in China with a total area of 50,600 hectares.From 2011 to 2020,a total of 176 courses were eliminated,and the number of courses in Shandong,Guangdong,Liaoning and other provinces decreased significantly.The proportion of river courses and one-way continuous courses reduced significantly higher than other types.(4)The geographical distribution of golf courses in China varies greatly,showing the characteristics of "extending from south to north,more coastal areas,less inland areas and strong aggregation".Golf courses are concentrated in The Beijing-TianjinHebei region,Shandong Peninsula,Yangtze River Delta,Pearl River Delta,Hainan Island and Taiwan Island,and are mainly large courses,river courses and core courses.At the national scale,the level of economic development and the degree of opening to the outside world are the most important factors affecting the spatial distribution of golf courses in China.Within the city area,the spatial distribution of courses is mainly affected by traffic conditions,water resources distribution,terrain and land resources.(5)The evolution process of the number and area of golf courses in China can be roughly divided into five stages: The period of slow growth from 1984 to 1994,stable growth from 1995 to 2002,accelerated growth from 2003 to 2010,restrained growth from 2011 to 2014,and accelerated decline from 2015 to 2020 experienced a process of "northward expansion in the first 25 years and southward contraction in the last 10years" in spatial evolution.Economy and policy are the key factors leading the development of golf courses in China.As a whole,it shows the rule of "economy dominates in the first 25 years and policy dominates in the last 10 years".(6)The size of the golf course affects the design style of the golf course,and the landscape pattern of different golf courses varies significantly.The design of small golf course pays more attention to the utilization rate of the course and has a higher degree of landscape aggregation.The design of large golf course tends to integrate with the natural landscape,which has the best landscape connectivity and the lowest degree of fragmentation.Compared with small golf course,large golf course has more advantages in terms of interest and appreciation.The core course has the highest degree of fragmentation,and the course landscape is obviously concentrated.The landscape design often does not pay attention to the layout of non-fairway landscape such as forest land,which reduces user experience to some extent.The nine-hole golf course has low landscape fragmentation and the best landscape connectivity,and different types of patches are well scattered,which is very ornamental. |
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