| Countries and regions with a high degree of urbanization are often confronted with problems including the destruction of natural ecological environment caused by the disorderly expansion of construction land,the waste of land resources,the deterioration of urban environment to the insufficient recreational areas for residents,etc.It is a passive or active strategy to coordinate urban development and ecological protection by optimizing urban green space(UGS)pattern.As an important component of ecological space,UGS is significance to adhere to the bottom line of ecological security,optimize the distribution of ecological space,living space and production space,and implement the sustainable development of cities and regions.In other words,UGS is a remarkable starting point to coordinate the construction of ecological environment protection security pattern of urban and regional development.The research on the spatio-temporal evolution and driving factors of UGS could reveal the complex relationship between UGS and various elements and processes in the course of urbanization,and understand the mechanism of action among elements.Through the construction and optimization of scientific and reasonable UGS pattern,the supply of ecosystem service(ES)function of UGS could be guaranteed and it would become the material guarantee of urban sustainable development.In the context of accelerating the construction of ecological civilization,this paper took the rapidly urbanized Beijing as an example to analyze the spatial-temporal evolution of UGS and its ES response under the guidance of spatial optimization.Based on the literature review,we redefined the concept of UGS,and considered that the definition could cover three levels of urban green space,urban and town green space and urban and rural green space,according with the spatial planning concept of regional development.Based on the research described above,the research firstly summarized the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of UGS in the study area from 2000 to 2020,with three aspects of UGS,inclouding landscape type,vegetation coverage and landscape pattern based on remote sensing data.According to the results,we obtained the change and transfer characteristics of landscape type and area of UGS.And the spatial and temporal variation trends of vegetation cover and impervious surface were compared.From patch level and landscape level,the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of landscape pattern of UGS were analyzed in the study area under the background of urbanization.Secondly,SPSS was used to analyze the driving factors of the temporal and spatial evolution of landscape type and landscape pattern of UGS in the study area.This study selected 28 primary factors related to the spatio-temporal evolution of UGS from six aspects of social,economic,scientific and technological innovation,policy,nature and environment.The principal factors of primary factors were obtained by kaiser-meyer-olkin test and principle component regression.According to the regression of principal factors,the order of the influence of principal factors on the spatiotemporal evolution of UGS in the study area from 2000 to 2020 was acquired.In terms of the ranking results,it was divided into two periods of 2000-2010 and 2010-2020,and the ridge regression model was used in these two periods to screening the corresponding driving factors.The obtained driving factors were respectively tested for the correlation with the landscape type and landscape pattern of UGS,and the impact of urbanization on the temporal and spatial evolution of UGS was discussed.Thirdly,the temporal and spatial evolution of ES function of UGS in the study area was summarized,discussing the influence of landscape pattern of UGS on its ES.The study employed remote sensing images,accessibility model,CASA model and In VEST model,and selected 8 functional indicators from supply service,regulation service,support service and cultural service,and obtained the spatiotemporal evolution of the ES function of UGS in the study area.Spatial autocorrelation was used to analyse the spatial clustering of ES comprehensive evaluation in the study area.The results indicated that the landscape pattern had the significant influence on the supply services from 2000 to 2020,and as the fragmentation of the landscape pattern of UGS in the study area intensifying,the overall evaluation of its ES comprehensive evaluation had shown a downward trend.Finally,the spatial layout of the study area was optimized based on the UGS scenario simulation.The study summarized the planning strategies related to UGS in existing strategic space planning cases into three types,namely(1)Utilizing the comprehensive potential of UGS;(2)Exercising the composite functions of UGS;(3)Understanding the role of UGS in space governance.Furthermore,from the three aspects of space optimization,space quality and space management,this paper discussed the connecting mode between UGS planning strategy and Spatial Planning of Territory system,with the purpose of forming the evaluation and optimization framework of UGS.Under this framework,based on double evaluation and ES function evaluation,the ecological security pattern of UGS of the Beijing-TianjinHebei and Beijing were constructed,and we optimized the recreational system of UGS of Beijing.Moreover,the comprehensive evaluation of ES function of UGS was taken as the constraint factor.And then,the two scenarios of UGS were simulated,with the scene of quality improvement development and ecological constrained development.The optimized layout of UGS of Beijing was proposed,with integrating the simulation results into strategic space planning strategies and flexible planning ideas.In general,the research was guided by related theories and methods of landscape architecture,Urbanrural planning,and landscape ecology,etc.On the one hand,it discussed the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics,driving factors and ES responses of UGS under the background of urbanization.On the other hand,this paper discovered the connection between UGS planning and the Spatial Planning of Territory system,and formed an evaluation and optimization framework for UGS.In addition,under this framework,it constructed the safety pattern,recreational system and scenario simulation of UGS,and combined the concept of strategic space planning and flexible planning to delineate the optimal layout of UGS under various scenarios of development.It is hoped that UGS could play a better role of controlling urban development boundaries and sticking to the bottom line of ecological space.At the same time,it is expected that the main conclusions of the study would provide references for supporting decision-making judgments and strengthening the capacity of land and space governance. |
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